Kinetic analysis of the pyrolysis of wood/inorganic composites under non-isothermal conditions

A Novel Method for Calcium Carbonate Deposition in Wood That Increases Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Fire Resistance

“…The mineralization of wood with CaCO 3 has been proposed by several authors to increase wood's fire resistance, but to our knowledge, a method comprising sequential gas diffusion has not been reported. Most of the reported treatments use liquid diffusion of CaCl 2 in combination with a number of agents, such as sodium hydroxide and supercritical carbon dioxide [23], aqueous sodium carbonate with dodecanoic acid [11], sodium bicarbonate [14,15,27], ammonium carbonate [28], sodium carbonate, alkaline hydrolysis of dimethyl carbonate [17], and calcium dimethylcarbonate in methanol [13]. In addition, a novel method was recently proposed consisting in impregnating wood with calcium acetoacetate [16].…”

Improving the flame retardancy of wood using an eco-friendly mineralisation process

“…The insertion of CaCO 3 into the structure of wood has been reported in several studies, using various processing routes: CaCl 2 and NaOH with supercritical carbon dioxide; 15 aqueous Na 2 CO 3 solution followed by a CaCl 2 solution with added dodecanoic acid; 16 calcium di(methylcarbonate) in methanol, which hydrolyses in the presence of residual moisture from the wood; 17 CaCl 2 and NaHCO 3 ; 13,18,19 21 and finally the alkaline hydrolysis of dimethyl carbonate (creating a source of liquid CO 2 ) in the presence of calcium ions. 8 These technologies often require either an expensive technical set-up for the use of supercritical gases, 15 or harmful precursors (e.g., methanol 16,17 ), reactants with limited solubility, 13,[18][19][20][21] or undesirable side effects (such as NaCl, NH 4 Cl) are formed. 13,[18][19][20][21] Another drawback of the majority of technologies reported in the literature is that precipitation of CaCO 3 usually takes place on the wood's surface, which can impede the wood treatment.…”

“…8 These technologies often require either an expensive technical set-up for the use of supercritical gases, 15 or harmful precursors (e.g., methanol 16,17 ), reactants with limited solubility, 13,[18][19][20][21] or undesirable side effects (such as NaCl, NH 4 Cl) are formed. 13,[18][19][20][21] Another drawback of the majority of technologies reported in the literature is that precipitation of CaCO 3 usually takes place on the wood's surface, which can impede the wood treatment. In a recent study by Merk et al, 13 mineralised wood with an improved reaction to fire was obtained by the in situ formation of CaCO 3 inside the lumina of the wood, by vacuum impregnation of aqueous NaHCO 3 and alcoholic CaCl 2 (1-4 reaction cycles).…”

“…Moreover, the by-products formed, such as NaCl, may have a negative effect on the wood's appearance, and can also cause corrosion of the metal fasteners which are commonly fixed to the wood. Authors used different testing methods 8,13,15,18,19,21 to evaluate fire resistance, so between studies it is difficult to compare the improvement in fire resistance as a result of mineralization, if not even impossible. In the studies using cone calorimetry 13,21 however, no significant improvements in fire retardancy were found following the mineralization of wood, for example with respect to ignition time.…”