Improving the flame retardancy of wood using an eco-friendly mineralisation process

Pondelak, Andreja; Škapin, Andrijana Sever; Knez, Nataša; Knez, Friderik; Pazlar, Tomaž

doi:10.1039/d0gc03852k

Cited by 40 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In addition, a novel method was recently proposed consisting in impregnating wood with calcium acetoacetate [16]. The mineralization treatment used in this work yielded weight gains that were comparable to those obtained by using sodium bicarbonate and calcium acetoacetate as precursors [14,16], generating weight gains close to 35% for spruce samples and of about 28% and 8.3% for beech samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…Most of the reported treatments use liquid diffusion of CaCl 2 in combination with a number of agents, such as sodium hydroxide and supercritical carbon dioxide [23], aqueous sodium carbonate with dodecanoic acid [11], sodium bicarbonate [14,15,27], ammonium carbonate [28], sodium carbonate, alkaline hydrolysis of dimethyl carbonate [17], and calcium dimethylcarbonate in methanol [13]. In addition, a novel method was recently proposed consisting in impregnating wood with calcium acetoacetate [16]. The mineralization treatment used in this work yielded weight gains that were comparable to those obtained by using sodium bicarbonate and calcium acetoacetate as precursors [14,16], generating weight gains close to 35% for spruce samples and of about 28% and 8.3% for beech samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Examples of innovations in such area can be found in the development of treatments promoting an accelerated petrification of wood [9,10] and others based on the formation of a wide range of minerals with inherent fire resistance properties inside the wood cells [11,12]. Several authors have proposed calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) as a fire protection agent for wood products [13][14][15][16]. During the endothermic decomposition of CaCO 3 , the release of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) apparently dilutes and cools combustion gases, reducing the effectiveness of the combustion [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Novel Method for Calcium Carbonate Deposition in Wood That Increases Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Fire Resistance

et al. 2022

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In this study, a novel method for calcium carbonate deposition in wood that increases carbon dioxide concentration and fire resistance is proposed. The method promoted the mineralization of radiata pine wood microstructure with calcium carbonate by using a process consisting in the vacuum impregnation of wood with a calcium chloride aqueous solution and the subsequent sequential diffusion of gaseous ammonium and carbon dioxide. In the most favorable conditions, the method yielded a weight gain of about 20 wt.% due to mineralization, which implied the accumulation of 0.467 mmol·g−1 of carbon dioxide in the microstructure of wood. In addition, a weight gain of about 8% was sufficient to provide fire resistance to a level similar to that achieved by a commercially available fire-retardant treatment. The feasibility of retaining carbon dioxide directly inside the wood microstructure can be advantageous for developing wood products with enhanced environmental characteristics. This method can be a potential alternative for users seeking materials that could be effective at supporting a full sustainable development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Novel Method for Calcium Carbonate Deposition in Wood That Increases Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Fire Resistance

et al. 2022

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“…As mentioned previously, mineral species (e.g., CaCO 3 and BaSO 4 ) can be used to modify the structural properties and thermal degradation behavior of biomass. ,,− However, in this case, the biomass structure is impregnated to the core using soluble metal salt that diffuses deeply inside the wood porosity and cell walls, leading to in situ formation of the desired mineral species. In the present study, the objective was to emulate a painted/varnished wood by coating the wood chips with the mineral components of paints and vanish, using water suspensions of TiO 2 , CaCO 3 , and BaSO 4 powders.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Paints and Varnish Impair the Physicochemical Properties of Wood Pyrolysis Oils?

et al. 2021

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The use of pyrolysis oils from demolition woods is an interesting option to produce fuels or chemicals from waste wood. This work investigated the effect of paints and varnish that contain various potential contaminants on the properties of bio-oils obtained by thermal pyrolysis of wood or after ex situ catalysis of the pyrolysis vapors using a HZSM-5 catalyst. The paints and varnish were analyzed, and their main components were identified. Clean beech wood samples were impregnated with commercial paints and varnish and also individually with the main inorganic compounds (TiO 2 , CaCO 3 , and BaSO 4 ) found in the paints and varnish. These contaminated wood samples were pyrolyzed, and the gas, liquid, and solid products formed were thoroughly characterized and compared to the products obtained from clean wood. The results show that the mineral contaminants remained in the chars and that the pyrolysis oils obtained by thermal pyrolysis were not significantly modified by the presence of contaminants on the wood. In ex-situ-catalyzed pyrolysis experiments, the HZSM-5 catalyst promoted the formation of some fully deoxygenated aromatic compounds, which were not obtained without a catalyst. However, the bio-oil produced from wood impregnated with commercial paints and varnish contained less fully deoxygenated compounds. This effect was not related to the mineral compounds present in the paints and varnish and could originate from the polymeric organic components present in their formulations.

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“…Presently, the development of fire retardants for improved flammability of wood does not match the demand and extensive use. Research in this area is geared towards the production of green and bio derived flame retardants which are non-toxic and environmentally friendly [ 84 ]. Flame retardancy of wood and the various mechanisms have been extensively reviewed by Lowden et al [ 81 ] and Sauerbier et al [ 85 ].…”

Section: Fire Retardancy Of Woodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of the fire behaviour of wood: From pyrolysis to fire retardant mechanisms

Mensah

Jiang

Renner

et al. 2022

J Therm Anal Calorim

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Wood is undeniably the most useful and readily available natural raw material. However, the susceptibility of wood products to fire is one of the crucial challenges faced in the wood industry. The fire behaviour of wood is a very complex phenomenon due to the different constituents and their independent reactions to fire. This article presents a thorough overview of the flammability stages of wood. It covers pyrolysis, thermal oxidative decomposition, ignition, combustion and heat release as well as flame extinction mechanisms. In the area of flame retardancy, conventional wood fire retardants, nanocomposites fire retardants and wood modification processes are investigated. Factors such as wood species, moisture content, density, experimental conditions such as external heat flux, heat exposure time, wood permeability and porosity are some of the deterministic parameters characterising the fire behaviour. This paper is a one-stop-shop for researchers analysing wood flammability due to the inclusion of all aspects pertaining to the burning of wood.

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Improving the flame retardancy of wood using an eco-friendly mineralisation process

Abstract: In order to improve the fire retardancy of wood the eco-friendly method for in situ formation of CaCO3 deep inside the wood's structure was proposed by the vacuum-pressure impregnation of only one component – water solution of calcium acetoacetate.

Cited by 40 publications

References 30 publications

A Novel Method for Calcium Carbonate Deposition in Wood That Increases Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Fire Resistance

A Novel Method for Calcium Carbonate Deposition in Wood That Increases Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Fire Resistance

Can Paints and Varnish Impair the Physicochemical Properties of Wood Pyrolysis Oils?

Characterisation of the fire behaviour of wood: From pyrolysis to fire retardant mechanisms

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