Kinematic and electromyographic response to whiplash loading in low-velocity whiplash impacts—a review

Kumar, Shrawan; Ferrari, Roberto; Narayan, Yogesh

doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2004.11.016

Cited by 36 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…2,3,5,9,11,12,15,16,19,30,37,43,45,51,55,56,58 Of the multitude of human volunteer sled test series, few have examined the effects of bracing. 3,5,15,[30][31][32]37,45 The vast majority of studies examining the effects of muscle tension focus on either rear-end impacts or whiplash events, 11,12,43,48,[51][52][53]56 the response of the head and neck complex, 9,45,[58][59][60] or the response of the head and spine. 2,15 Of the studies that incorporate bracing in frontal sled tests, there is often a focus on the lower extremities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Bracing on Human Kinematics in Low-Speed Frontal Sled Tests

et al. 2011

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Continued development of computational models and biofidelic anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) necessitates further analysis of the effects of bracing on an occupant's biomechanical response in automobile collisions. A total of 20 dynamic sled tests were performed, 10 low (2.5 g, Δv = 4.8 kph) and 10 medium severity (5.0 g, Δv = 9.7 kph), with five male human volunteers of approximately 50th percentile male height and weight. Each volunteer was exposed to two impulses at each severity, one relaxed and one braced prior to the impulse. A Vicon motion analysis system, 12 MX-T20 2 megapixel cameras, was used to quantify subject 3D kinematics (±1 mm) (1 kHz). Excursions of select anatomical regions were normalized to their respective initial positions and compared by test condition. At the low severity, bracing significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the forward excursion of the knees, hips, elbows, shoulders, and head (average 35-70%). At the medium severity, bracing significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the forward excursion of the elbows, shoulders, and head (average 36-69%). Although not significant, bracing at the medium severity considerably reduced the forward excursion of the knees and hips (average 18-26%). This study illustrates that bracing has a significant influence on the biomechanical response of human occupants in frontal sled tests and provides novel biomechanical data that can be used to refine and validate computational models and ATDs used to assess injury risk in automotive collisions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Bracing on Human Kinematics in Low-Speed Frontal Sled Tests

et al. 2011

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“…In addition to such physical factors, there is evidence that psychological factors may play an important role, too [14]. The etiology of WAD may further depend on various occupant and crash-related factors such as the change in velocity of the vehicle (Δ v ) [15], the age, constitution and gender of the passenger, their seating position, and the impact direction [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neck muscle responses of driver and front seat passenger during frontal-oblique collisions

et al. 2018

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BackgroundLow-velocity motor vehicle crashes often lead to severe and chronic neck disorders also referred to as whiplash-associated disorders (WAD). The etiology of WAD is still not fully understood. Many studies using a real or simulated collision scenario have focused on rear-end collisions, whereas the kinematics and muscular responses during frontal-oblique collisions have hardly been investigated. In particular for rear-end collisions, drivers were shown to have a higher WAD risk than front seat passengers. Yet, independently from the impact direction, neither the muscular nor the kinematic responses of drivers and front seat passengers have been compared to date, although some findings indicate that the neck muscles have the potential to alter the head and neck kinematics, and that the level of neck muscle activity during impact may be relevant for the emergence of WAD.ObjectiveIn this study, we quantitatively examined the subjects’ neck muscle activity during low-velocity left-frontal-oblique impacts to gain further insights into the neuromuscular mechanism underlying whiplash-like perturbations that may lead to WAD.MethodsIn a within-subject study design, we varied several impact parameters to investigate their effect on neck muscle response amplitude and delay. Fifty-two subjects experienced at least ten collisions while controlling for the following parameters: change in velocity Δv (3 / 6 km/h), seating position (driver / front seat passenger), and deliberate pre-tension of the musculature (tense / relaxed) to account for a potential difference between an expected and an unexpected crash. Ten of the 52 subjects additionally ran the same experimental conditions as above, but without wearing a safety belt.FindingsThere were significant main effects of Δv and muscle pre-tension on the reflex amplitude but not of seating position. As for the reflex delay, there was a significant main effect of muscle pre-tension, but neither of Δv nor of seating position. Moreover, neither the safety belt nor its asymmetrical orientation had an influence on the reflexive responses of the occupants.ConclusionIn summary, we did not find any significant differences in the reflex amplitude and delay of the neck musculature between drivers and front seat passengers. We therefore concluded that an increased risk of the driver sustaining WAD in frontal-oblique collisions, if it exists, cannot be due to differences in the reflexive responses.

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“…Step 4 (Braking test performance): The deceleration test started when the volunteers were ready, they had no more questions, they had understood the experiment and when they were sensorised. The braking tests were designed following numerous references [ 3 , 53 , 63 , 67 , 74 , 75 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 ] and keeping in mind that subjects would not use the seat belt. The timing experiment was previously defined.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cervical injuries are a major public health problem with a significant social cost [ 1 , 2 ]. In literature, we can find numerous biomechanical studies [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ] focused on the assessment of cervical behaviour. Many of these studies were performed using animals [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ], crash dummies [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ], full-body cadavers [ 12 , 19 , 20 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ], isolated cervical [ 12 , 24 , 28 , 29 , 30 ], head–neck complexes and computational models [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the Emergency Braking Test with an Autonomous Bus and the sEMG Neck Response by Means of a Low-Cost System

et al. 2020

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Nowadays, due to the advances and the increasing implementation of the autonomous braking systems in vehicles, the non-collision accident is expected to become more common than a crash when a sudden stop happens. The most common injury in this kind of accident is whiplash or cervical injury since the neck has high sensitivity to sharp deceleration. To date, biomechanical research has usually been developed inside laboratories and does not entirely represent real conditions (e.g., restraint systems or surroundings of the experiment). With the aim of knowing the possible neck effects and consequences of an automatic emergency braking inside an autonomous bus, a surface electromyography (sEMG) system built by low-cost elements and developed by us, in tandem with other devices, such as accelerometers or cameras, were used. Moreover, thanks to the collaboration of 18 participants, it was possible to study the non-collision effects in two different scenarios (braking test in which the passenger is seated and looking ahead while talking with somebody in front of him (BT1) and, a second braking test where the passenger used a smartphone (BT2) and nobody is seated in front of him talking to him). The aim was to assess the sEMG neck response in the most common situations when somebody uses some kind of transport in order to conclude which environments are riskier regarding a possible cervical injury.

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Kinematic and electromyographic response to whiplash loading in low-velocity whiplash impacts—a review

Cited by 36 publications

References 45 publications

Effects of Bracing on Human Kinematics in Low-Speed Frontal Sled Tests

Effects of Bracing on Human Kinematics in Low-Speed Frontal Sled Tests

Neck muscle responses of driver and front seat passenger during frontal-oblique collisions

Study of the Emergency Braking Test with an Autonomous Bus and the sEMG Neck Response by Means of a Low-Cost System

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