This paper describes the development of a phonological awareness training programme (PAT) which is based on the use of analogies for learning to read and spell new words. The programme adopts a generative skills approach to reading and spelling. An evaluation study of the PAT programme took place in Buckinghamshire in 1993/4 together with a follow-up study in 1995. The results of these studies suggested that phonological awareness training which incorporates reading, spelling, and writing can form a useful part of a literacy programme for children with reading difficulties. Significant improvements in reading and spelling were found in the children who had followed the PAT programme. In addition to this, phonological skills such as rhyme fluency and spoonerisms, as measured by the Phonological Assessment Battery (PhAB), also showed significant improvement. The problems of helping children to develop syllabification skills is discussed. A description is given of our current developmental work on a rime based syllabification programme for children with specific learning difficulties. F Currently the theoretical accounts of dyslexia best supported by empirical evidence are those which identify the central cognitive deficit as phonological in nature (Stanovich, 1988;Frith, 1995;Rack, 1995). Research, such as that conducted by Nicolson and Fawcett (1995), which challenges the phonological deficit hypothesis as providing a sufficient account of developmental dyslexia, nevertheless supports the importance of significant and lasting phonological difficulties as a characteristic feature. Recent research has also built a convincing account of the causal links between phonological processing and the development of reading skills. Early correlational studies had highlighted a close * association between phonological processing and reading development (Stanovich, Cunningham and Freeman, 1984;Stanovich, Nathan and Vala-Rossi, 1986). However, the reciprocal nature of this relationship, where phonological skill and reading interact and facilitate each other, had also been highlighted (Bedelson, 1986;Cataldo and Ellis, 1988). Longitudinal studies indicated that pre-schoolers' phonological skills were predictive of their subsequent acquisition of literacy skills (Bradley and Bryant, 1983; Torgesen, Wagner and Rashotte, 1994). However, it was recognized that this link might not be direct, but might instead be mediated by a third factor which contributed to the development both of early phonological skills and beginning literacy skills.The most compelling evidence for a causal relationship has come from intervention studies. A number of early intervention studies have found that providing young children with phonological skills training can facilitate the acquisition of reading skills (Cunningham, 1990; Bladunan ef al., 1994). Furthermore, a number of remediation studies have reported that the inclusion of phonological skills training in literacy skills development programmes enhances the progress of 6-7 year olds who have been iden...