Khat Chewing from the Pharmacological Point of View: An Update

Graziani, Manuela; Milella, Michele Stanislaw; Nencini, Paolo

doi:10.1080/10826080701738992

Cited by 46 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 117 publications

(116 reference statements)

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“…Ceci peut s'expliquer par le délai entre douleur initiale et hospitalisation, plus long que chez les non consommateurs. Mais si 75 % des consommateurs de khat résident au Yémen où l'efficacité du réseau médical est moins performante, le délai pourrait aussi s'expliquer par l'effet analgésique du khat [55,56]. Par ailleurs, l'efficacité de la thrombolyse semble réduite par l'effet pro thrombotique de la cathinone [54,57,58].…”

Section: Effets Cardio-vasculairesunclassified

La toxicité du khat impose-t-elle une modification de la réglementation de son usage en Europe?

et al. 2012

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Résumé -Objectif : La consommation de khat (Catha edulis Forsk) est une pratique largement répandue dans les populations de l'est de l'Afrique. En Europe, elle concerne les migrants de première génération et leurs descendants. Le khat ne fait pas l'objet de contrôle au titre des conventions de l'ONU, lesquelles s'appuient sur une recommandation de l'OMS. Cependant, les États demeurent libres de réglementer le khat dans le cadre de leur législation nationale ; c'est le cas de la France et de certains pays européens. Cette discordance entre les réglementations interroge sur la dangerosité réelle ou supposée de cette plante. Méthodes : Nous avons utilisé le moteur de recherche bibliographique PubMed pour identifier les publications pertinentes relatives à sa toxicité. Résultats : L'usage chronique de khat est associé à des altérations de la régulation de la pression artérielle, et à une augmentation du risque d'infarctus du myocarde. Comme le cannabis, le khat peut être impliqué dans la survenue de troubles psychotiques. Le risque addictif n'est pas exclu. Chez l'animal, plusieurs études suggèrent que l'usage de khat favorise l'agressivité. Le caractère cancérogène n'est pas établi même si la génotoxicité est suspectée in vivo. Conclusion : Le risque de complications cardio-vasculaires et psychiatriques de l'usage régulier de khat, son caractère potentiellement cancérogène et la parenté chimique de la cathinone avec l'amphétamine sont autant d'arguments pour justifier l'inscription du khat sur la liste des stupéfiants réglementés. Mots clés : Khat, stupéfiant, réglementationAbstract -Objectives: Khat (Catha edulis Forsk) consumption is a widespread practice in populations of Eastern Africa. In Europe, it concerns the first-generation migrants and their descendants. Khat is not subject to control under UN conventions, which are based on a WHO recommendation. However, states remain free to regulate khat within the framework of their national legislation, such as in France and some European countries. This discordance among regulations questions the real or supposed dangerousness of this plant. Methods: We used the search engine of the bibliographic database PubMed, in order to identify the relevant publications on khat's toxicity. Results: Chronic use of khat is associated with deteriorations in the regulation of blood pressure, and an increased risk of myocardial infarction. Like cannabis, khat can be involved in the onset of psychotic disorders. The risk of addiction is not excluded. In animals, several studies suggest that khat use encourages aggressiveness. The carcinogenic nature has not been established, although genotoxicity is suspected in vivo. Conclusions: The risk of cardiovascular and psychiatric complications due to frequent use of khat, its potentially carcinogenic nature, and the chemical relationship of cathinone with amphetamine justify the inscription of khat in the list of controlled narcotics.

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Section: Effets Cardio-vasculairesunclassified

La toxicité du khat impose-t-elle une modification de la réglementation de son usage en Europe?

et al. 2012

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“…Cathinone is isolated from natural raw material: Catha edulis growing in Yemen, local citizens chew it to experience a psycho-stimulating effect [20]. Cathinone extracted from the leaves of this plant acts unless the leaves are flaccid, that is why it can be chewed for several days only.…”

Section: Synthetic Cathinonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic Cathinones and Cannabinoids Are New Psychoactive Substances (Review)

Larchenko¹,

Суворов²,

Andryukhin³

et al. 2017

Sovrem Tehnol Med

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New psychoactive substances, or designer drugs, are currently a large group of substances, primarily of synthetic origin, which are designed and come on a shadow market in circumvention of the current law. The popularity of these substances among young people is due to the off-the-shelf availability, low cost, and expected safety compared to traditional drugs. As practice shows, a resulting intoxication is life-threatening.Currently, the ordered data on these substances classes, as well as clinical manifestations of poisoning related to their consumption is practically non-existent due to certain difficulties in their diagnosis. The review considers the main groups of new psychoactive substances (synthetic cathinones and cannabinoids, derivatives of piperazine, aminoindans) circulating in a shadow market. We have distinguished the basic mechanisms of their effect on human body and described the main manifestations of their consumption.When writing the review we used the data of specialized poison control medical centers, as well as the information obtained from users.

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“…Cathinone is released within 15-45 min during chewing and peak plasma levels of cathinone are obtained 1.5-3.5 h after the onset of chewing khat. Cathinone is detectable in plasma for up to 24 h after khat consumption and eliciting euphoric, psycho stimulant effects and Khatinduced analgesia (Graziani et al, 2008). The common adverse effects of khat include insomnia, anorexia, hyperthermia, mydriasis, endocrinological disturbances and acute autonomic responses, such as elevated blood pressure and tachycardia (Hassan et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Khat contains a number of pharmacologically active compounds in leaves and young shoots such as the phenylpentenylamines, cathedulines and the most important major and natural alkaloid of d-(+)-amphetamine like action and structure; cathinone (Graziani et al, 2008). Cathinone is relatively unstable and rapidly metabolized to norpseudoephedrine (cathine) and norephedrine (Al-Motarreb et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EFFECT OF <i>CATHA EDULIS</i> ON INSULIN, RESISTIN AND CORTISOL LEVELS IN TYPE-2 DIABETICS AND NON-DIABETICS

El-sayed

Amin

2012

American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology

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In this study, the biochemical effects of Catha edulis leaves chewing (as psycho stimulant and aphrodisiac) on the serum concentration of resistin, insulin, cortisol, zinc, calcium, copper and blood glucose in both healthy individuals and type 2 diabetic patients were examined. 80 male subjects aged 35-55 years were recruited in this study, 40 of them were previously diagnosed as type 2 diabetics and the other 40 were healthy non-diabetics. The above two groups were subdivided into two subgroups (n = 20) in accordance on whether they were regular and chronic khat chewers or none into NNK; healthy non-khat chewers, NK; healthy khat chewers, DNK; type 2 diabetic non-khat chewers and DK; type 2 diabetic khat chewers. Khat chewing resulted in elevated resistin, cortisol, FBG, PBG levels and HOMA-IR in either diabetics or healthy khat chewers than those of non-khat chewers and generally in diabetics than healthy. In addition, khat chewing resulted in a significant increase in calcium and copper serum levels. In contrast, serum zinc and insulin levels in diabetic chewers were significantly lower than those of diabetic's non-chewers. Catha edulis Forsk chewing adds additional toxic effects to type 2 diabetics by increasing cortisol and resistin levels while decreasing insulin secretion and sensitivity.

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Khat Chewing from the Pharmacological Point of View: An Update

Cited by 46 publications

References 117 publications

La toxicité du khat impose-t-elle une modification de la réglementation de son usage en Europe?

La toxicité du khat impose-t-elle une modification de la réglementation de son usage en Europe?

Synthetic Cathinones and Cannabinoids Are New Psychoactive Substances (Review)

EFFECT OF <i>CATHA EDULIS</i> ON INSULIN, RESISTIN AND CORTISOL LEVELS IN TYPE-2 DIABETICS AND NON-DIABETICS

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