Khat (Catha Edulis) as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disorders: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Mega, Teshale Ayele; Dabe, Nikodimos Eshetu

doi:10.2174/1874192401711010146

Cited by 22 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…This study strengths the fact that high body mass index increases blood cholesterol level which leads to hypertension [ 86 ]. Furthermore, this review evidenced that khat (Catha edulis) chewers were 42% more likely to develop hypertension than their counterparts which was similar to the studies conducted in Ethiopia, Yemen, and a meta-analysis study from Ethiopia [ 87 – 90 ]. Khat contains chemicals cathinone, cathine, and amphetamine.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Prevalence of hypertension and its determinants in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2020

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Introduction Hypertension is a major public health problem globally and it is a leading cause of death and disability in developing countries. This review aims to estimate the pooled prevalence of hypertension and its determinants in Ethiopia. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted at the electronic databases (PubMed, Hinari, and Google Scholar) to locate potential studies. Heterogeneity between studies checked using Cochrane Q test statistics and I2 test statistics and small study effect were checked using Egger’s statistical test at 5% significance level. Sensitivity analysis was checked. A random-effects model was employed to estimate the pooled prevalence of hypertension and its determinants in Ethiopia. Results In this review, 38 studies that are conducted in Ethiopia and fulfilled the inclusion criteria with a total number of 51,427 study participants were reviewed. The overall pooled prevalence of hypertension in the country was 21.81% (95% CI: 19.20–24.42, I2 = 98.35%). The result of the review also showed that the point of prevalence was higher among males (23.21%) than females (19.62%). When we see the pervasiveness of hypertension from provincial perspective; the highest prevalence of hypertension was observed in Addis Ababa (25.35%) and the lowest was in Tigray region (15.36%). In meta-regression analysis as the mean age increases by one year, the likelihood of developing hypertension increases by a factor of 0.58 times (β = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.31–0.86, R2 = 36.67). Male sex (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.03–1.61, I2 = 81.35%), age > 35 years (OR = 3.59, 95% CI: 2.57–5.02, I2 = 93.48%), overweight and/or obese (OR = 3.34, 95% CI: 2.12–5.26, I2 = 95.41%), khat chewing (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: I2 = 62%), alcohol consumption (OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.21–1.85, I2 = 64%), family history of hypertension (OR = 2.56, 95% CI: 1.64–3.99, I2 = 83.28%), and family history of diabetes mellitus (OR = 3.69, 95% CI: 1.85–7.59, I2 = 89.9%) are significantly associated with hypertension. Conclusion Hypertension is becoming a major public health problem in Ethiopia. Nearly two out of ten individuals who are older than 18 years living with hypertension. Sex, age, overweight and/or obese, khat chewing, alcohol consumption, and family history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus are statistically significant determinant factors for hypertension in Ethiopia. Primary attention should be given for behavioral risk factors to tackle the alarming increase of hypertension in Ethiopia.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Prevalence of hypertension and its determinants in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2020

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“…This study strengths the fact that high body mass index increases blood cholesterol level which leads to hypertension [86]. Furthermore, this review evidenced that khat (Catha edulis) chewers were 42% more likely to develop hypertension than their counterparts which was similar to the studies conducted in Ethiopia, Yemen, and a meta-analysis study from Ethiopia [87][88][89][90]. Khat contains chemicals cathinone, cathine, and amphetamine.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

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“…[ 11 ] The same effect may happen in the CCAs and cause elevation of the CCA Doppler indices. This effect might be attributed to the peripheral vasoconstrictor effect of cathinone,[ 6 4 7 12 ] which may be persistent for a long time in regular khat chewers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Khat chewers reportedly had a higher risk of various cardiovascular diseases, such as cardiogenic shock, recurrent myocardial ischemia, and ventricular arrhythmia. [ 6 ] Khat chewing is also associated with stroke and hypertension. [ 6 7 ] Therefore, studying the hemodynamics of the common carotid arteries (CCAs) may contribute to predicting cerebrovascular abnormalities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of khat (Catha edulis) on hemodynamics of the common carotid arteries in regular khat chewers: A casecontrol study using doppler ultrasound

2021

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Background: To evaluate the effect of chewing khat on the hemodynamics of the common carotid arteries (CCAs) using Doppler ultrasound imaging. Methods: This is a cross-sectional case–control study. Fifty volunteers who were chronic regular khat chewers were selected and compared with healthy nonkhat chewers. They were examined using Doppler imaging with a 7–10 MHz linear transducer. The resistivity index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), peak systolic velocity (PSV), and end-diastolic velocity of the CCAs were determined according to the standard protocol of carotid Doppler ultrasound. Results: The RI and PI of the right and left CCAs were significantly higher in khat chewers compared to controls ( P < 0.001). The PSV of the right and left CCAs was considerably higher in khat chewers compared to controls ( P < 0.001 and 0.04, respectively). Conclusion: The Doppler values of blood flow velocity, resistivity, and pulsatility were significantly higher in chronic regular khat chewers compared to nonkhat chewers. Khat is a significant contributory factor for increasing the hemodynamics of the CCAs.

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Khat (Catha Edulis) as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disorders: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cited by 22 publications

References 40 publications

Prevalence of hypertension and its determinants in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Prevalence of hypertension and its determinants in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Untitled

The impact of khat (Catha edulis) on hemodynamics of the common carotid arteries in regular khat chewers: A casecontrol study using doppler ultrasound

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