Prevalence of hypertension and its determinants in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Introduction Hypertension is a major public health problem globally and it is a leading cause of death and disability in developing countries. This review aims to estimate the pooled prevalence of hypertension and its determinants in Ethiopia. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted at the electronic databases (PubMed, Hinari, and Google Scholar) to locate potential studies. Heterogeneity between studies checked using Cochrane Q test statistics and I2 test statistics and small study effect were checked using Egger’s statistical test at 5% significance level. Sensitivity analysis was checked. A random-effects model was employed to estimate the pooled prevalence of hypertension and its determinants in Ethiopia. Results In this review, 38 studies that are conducted in Ethiopia and fulfilled the inclusion criteria with a total number of 51,427 study participants were reviewed. The overall pooled prevalence of hypertension in the country was 21.81% (95% CI: 19.20–24.42, I2 = 98.35%). The result of the review also showed that the point of prevalence was higher among males (23.21%) than females (19.62%). When we see the pervasiveness of hypertension from provincial perspective; the highest prevalence of hypertension was observed in Addis Ababa (25.35%) and the lowest was in Tigray region (15.36%). In meta-regression analysis as the mean age increases by one year, the likelihood of developing hypertension increases by a factor of 0.58 times (β = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.31–0.86, R2 = 36.67). Male sex (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.03–1.61, I2 = 81.35%), age > 35 years (OR = 3.59, 95% CI: 2.57–5.02, I2 = 93.48%), overweight and/or obese (OR = 3.34, 95% CI: 2.12–5.26, I2 = 95.41%), khat chewing (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: I2 = 62%), alcohol consumption (OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.21–1.85, I2 = 64%), family history of hypertension (OR = 2.56, 95% CI: 1.64–3.99, I2 = 83.28%), and family history of diabetes mellitus (OR = 3.69, 95% CI: 1.85–7.59, I2 = 89.9%) are significantly associated with hypertension. Conclusion Hypertension is becoming a major public health problem in Ethiopia. Nearly two out of ten individuals who are older than 18 years living with hypertension. Sex, age, overweight and/or obese, khat chewing, alcohol consumption, and family history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus are statistically significant determinant factors for hypertension in Ethiopia. Primary attention should be given for behavioral risk factors to tackle the alarming increase of hypertension in Ethiopia.

Spatial distribution and geographical heterogeneity factors associated with poor consumption of foods rich in vitamin A among children age 6–23 months in Ethiopia: Geographical weighted regression analysis

“…Besides, in a study conducted in South Africa, the spatial distribution of nutritional status among childhood period was non-random geographically [ 26 ]. Furthermore, a recent study conducted on the spatial distribution of iron-rich food consumption in Ethiopia showed that spatial clustering was consistent with this finding [ 27 ]. The observed geographical variation of poor consumption of foods rich in vitamin A across regions of Ethiopia might be due to the regional variation in dietary preference, low practice to complementary feeding, socioeconomic status, demographic factors such as pastoralist region, and seasonal differences for the consumption of fruits and vegetables [ 28 ].…”

High Burden of Hypertension Among Adult Population in Rural Districts of Northwest Ethiopia: a Call for Community Based Intervention

“…In this study, the likelihood of hypertension among participants who ever used alcohol was 3.25 times more likely as compared to those who never used alcohol. This was in agreement with those of studies conducted in Dabat HDSS(84), Dabat district and Gondar town (32), Gondar city (34), Addis Ababa(41), Jimma town(87), Wolega(85), Sidama Zone (64, 86), Bale Zone (93), and systematic review and metaanalysis conducted in Ethiopia (29). This nding was also in agreement with those of studies conducted in rural districts of Cameroon (57), Uganda(68), South India (59), and urban Varanasi (91) where individuals who used alcohol were found to be more hypertensive than who never used alcohol.…”

“…Hypertension affects over 20% of adult population in Ethiopia (29). Several community based studies have been conducted in urban settings of Ethiopia and showed high prevalence of hypertension.…”

Development and Psychometric Validation of the Hypertension Beliefs Assessment Tool Among Adult Population in Northwest Ethiopia

“…8 Hypertension affects nearly 1 in 4 Ethiopian adults and becomes a major public health problem. 9 Literature showed that the pooled prevalence of hypertension was 21.8% 10 and ranged from 13.2% 11 in southwest Ethiopia to 31.9% in Dabat northwest Ethiopia. 12 Hypertension, if left untreated and uncontrolled, might lead to cardiovascular disease morbidity, disability, and mortality.…”