Key issues affecting the current status of infectious diseases in Chinese cattle farms and their control through vaccination

Chen, Yingyu; Wang, Yu; Robertson, Ian D.; Hu, Changmin; Chen, Huanchun

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.078

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Evidence on the relevance of animal movements in viral dispersal has been provided for other diseases of swine interest, including influenza and porcine epidemic diarrhoea (He et al, 2022;Nelson et al, 2015). against livestock infectious diseases, enhancing the implementation of effective biosecurity and control measures (Chen et al, 2021;Yoo et al, 2020). Therefore, an opposite effect would have been expected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More surprisingly, in only one of the generated data sets, the low education level of farmers appeared to have a “protective effect” on viral spreading. Different studies have demonstrated the relevance of farmer and employee training in the fight against livestock infectious diseases, enhancing the implementation of effective biosecurity and control measures (Chen et al., 2021 ; Yoo et al., 2020 ). Therefore, an opposite effect would have been expected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phylodynamic and phylogeographic reconstruction of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in Europe: Patterns and determinants

Franzo

Faustini

Legnardi

et al. 2022

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is among the most devastating diseases affecting the pig industry. Despite vaccines having been available for decades, the remarkable genetic variability of this virus, leading to poor cross-protection, has limited their efficacy, and other measures must be adopted to effectively control the viral circulation. Some recent studies have investigated the factors involved in viral spreading and persistence, at least at the local level. However, despite the topic's relevance, no statistically grounded evidence is currently available evaluating the variables more involved in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) epidemiological success at a broader scale, such as the European scale. In the present study, an extensive phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed on more than 1000 ORF5 sequences to investigate the history, dynamics and spreading patterns of PRRSV within European borders. Moreover, several potential predictors, representative of swine population features and trade, human population, economy and geographic characteristics, were evaluated through a specifically designed generalized linear model (GLM) to assess their weight on viral migration rate between countries over time. Although pig stock density, mean PRRSV strain genetic diversity, investments in agriculture (including a likely role of vaccination) and farmer education were involved to a certain extent, the major determinant was proven to be by far the live pig trade. Providing a robust depiction of PRRSV European molecular epidemiology patterns and determinants, the present study could contribute to a more rational allocation of limited resources based on an effective prioritization of control measures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylodynamic and phylogeographic reconstruction of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in Europe: Patterns and determinants

Franzo

Faustini

Legnardi

et al. 2022

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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“…In case of a novel emergence, the initial absence of available information leaves an extremely narrow time window for reactive action. Additionally, due to the cultural and socio-economic diversity of directly affected communities, disease management often suffers from low feasibility and inefficient implementation (71)(72)(73). Similar as described for the regional scale, the DAMA protocol facilitates bottom-up processes and the involvement of local actors in both data gathering and generating solutions.…”

Section: Localmentioning

confidence: 99%

Taking Action - Turning Evolutionary Theory into Preventive Policies

Molnár

Knickel

Marizzi³

2022

Preprint

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The Emerging Infectious Disease (EID) crisis has been challenging global health security for decades, dealing substantial damage to all socio-economic landscapes. Control measures have failed to prevent or even mitigate damages of an accelerating wave of EIDs, leading to the emergence and devastation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. In the wake of the pandemic we must critically review our public health policies and approaches. Current health security measures are based on the evolutionary theorem of host-parasite coevolution, which falsely deems EIDs are rare and unpredictable. The DAMA protocol is nested in a novel evolutionary framework describing how emergence can be prevented before the onset of an outbreak. In this paper, we discuss the importance of establishing efficient communication channels between various stakeholders affected by EIDs. We describe implementation strategies of preventive interventions on global, regional and local scales, and provide guidelines for using such strategies in relevant policy environments of human, livestock and crop diseases.

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“…However, test-and-slaughter of cattle in China is not practical or economical due to the large number of infected animals and the high cost of culling. Although farm biosecurity is generally poor on farms in China, this is one area that could be significantly improved in the future (Chen et al 2021); however this alone cannot eliminate the disease from infected herds. The B. abortus A19 vaccine was introduced to China from the former USSR in the 1950s and has been identified to be 99.9% homologous with the internationally accepted and widely used B. abortus S19 Strain (Wang et al 2020a, b;Cheng et al 2021;WOAH 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the A19 vaccine is the bovine Brucella vaccine used in China, information on the exact origin of this strain has not been published and its protective effect and efficacy have never been thoroughly investigated. Notwithstanding this, vaccination of calves between 6 and 12 months of age with the A19 vaccine has been adopted in China to prevent infection and abortion, although the overall vaccination coverage in Chinese farms is reportedly low (Chen et al 2021). This low vaccination coverage is probably attributable to the current veterinary policies in China, which discourage vaccination on dairy farms, and only allow vaccination if the within-herd seroprevalence is more than 1% (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A case study investigating the effects of emergency vaccination with Brucella abortus A19 vaccine on a dairy farm undergoing an abortion outbreak in China

Wang

Peng

et al. 2022

Animal Diseases

Self Cite

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Brucellosis is an important zoonosis that results in substantial economic losses to the livestock industry through abortions and reduced milk yield. This study investigated an abortion outbreak in a dairy herd and then explored the effects of emergency vaccination with Brucella abortus A19 vaccine on the incidence of abortion and milk yield. A full dose of vaccine (6 × 1010—12 × 1010 colony forming units, CFU) was administered subcutaneously to calves and non-pregnant heifers, and a reduced dose (6 × 108—12 × 108 CFU) to adult cows and pregnant replacement heifers. Rose Bengal Test was used to screen Brucella infection status and then positive samples were tested with a C-ELISA. Animals that tested positive for both tests were considered positive to Brucella spp. The animal-level seroprevalence of brucellosis was 23.1% (95% CI: 17.0, 30.2), and the attributable fraction of abortions in seropositive animals was 89.1% (95% CI: 64.3, 96.7). The odds of seropositivity were significantly higher in cows that aborted compared to cows that calved normally (OR = 21.4, 95% CI: 4.4, 168.4). Cows in sheds A2 and C1 were 10.2 (95% CI: 1.4, 128.0) and 17.0 (95% CI: 2.8, 190.3) times more likely to be seropositive than cows in shed B1. Antibodies were not detectable in most heifers 12 months post-vaccination. The effectiveness of the vaccine in preventing abortions was estimated to be 56.8% (95% CI: 15.8, 77.8) for the entire herd, but increased to 86.7% (95% CI: 4.4, 98.1) when only primiparous heifers were considered. Furthermore, a significant increase in the average herd 305-day milk yield one-year after vaccination was also observed relative to that in the previous three years. It is concluded that emergency vaccination of a dairy herd undergoing an abortion outbreak with the A19 vaccine effectively reduced the incidence of abortion and indirectly increased milk yield one-year after vaccination.

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Key issues affecting the current status of infectious diseases in Chinese cattle farms and their control through vaccination

Cited by 7 publications

References 17 publications

Phylodynamic and phylogeographic reconstruction of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in Europe: Patterns and determinants

Phylodynamic and phylogeographic reconstruction of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in Europe: Patterns and determinants

Taking Action - Turning Evolutionary Theory into Preventive Policies

A case study investigating the effects of emergency vaccination with Brucella abortus A19 vaccine on a dairy farm undergoing an abortion outbreak in China

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