Ketamine-Xylazine Anesthesia in Rats: Intraperitoneal versus Intravenous Administration Using a Microsurgical Femoral Vein Access

Ritschl, Lucas M.; Fichter, Andreas M.; Häberle, Sandra; Bomhard, Achim von; Mitchell, David A.; Wolff, Klaus‐Dietrich; Mücke, Thomas

doi:10.1055/s-0035-1546291

Cited by 25 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…Operation. Male Wistar rats weighing between 300 and 350 g were initially anesthetized with intraperitoneal administration of ketamine 10% (1 mL/kg/weight) and xylazine 2% (0.25 mL/kg/weight) supplemented by intravenous application of one-eighth doses 10% ketamine when needed using an inserted venous microcatheter (Premicath; VYGON GmbH & Co. KG; Aachen, Germany) in the external jugular vein according to the femoral vein access as previously described 37,38 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative analysis using flowmeter, laser-Doppler spectrophotometry, and indocyanine green-videoangiography for detection of vascular stenosis in free flaps

Mücke

Hapfelmeier

Schmidt

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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The effects of gradual vascular occlusion on the blood supply of perfused areas are poorly described. Information relating to the comparison of flap monitoring techniques is lacking. Varying stenotic conditions (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) were generated on purpose at the A. and V. femoralis in the rat model. Analyses included flowmeter, simultaneous laser-Doppler flowmetry and tissue spectrophotometry (O2C) and indocyanine green-(ICG-) videoangiography with integrated FLOW 800 tool. A Random Forests prediction model was used to analyse the importance of each method to diagnose the stenotic conditions. The ability to discriminate and to accurately estimate the probability of stenosis was assessed by Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves and calibration plots. Blood flow changes for all modalities were described in detail. Flowmeter displayed earliest a linear decrease as a result of increasing stenosis. A stenosis of 50% degrees was most difficult to detect correctly. The combination of flowmeter and ICG-videoangiography showed high diagnostic power for each stenotic situation (area under the Roc > 0.79). Flowmeter and ICG-videoangiography showed to be most relevant in detection of varying stenotic conditions and may change the clinical outcome. The O2C showed less effect on varying stenotic situations as the only surface monitoring device. The microvascular free tissue transfer has revolutionised reconstructive microsurgery and has improved the patients' functional outcome 1. Despite the well documented co-morbidities of patients undergoing head and neck surgery, free flap surgery has contributed to a continuous improvement in the patient-reported and clinical outcomes 2-4. Due to the significant patient co-morbidities and the complexity of the operations, this patient cohort has a high free flap failure rate. A successful outcome necessitates a detailed pre-, intra-and postoperative patient screening in addition to the free flap monitoring, for at least the first 72 hours, postoperatively. The reasons for free flap failures are commonly vascular (thrombosis, endothelial damage) or extravascular, (hematoma, kinking, twisting) in origin. Flap necrosis invariably leads to a prolonged hospital stay and may result in mortality due to poor physiological reserves. There is a definitive window of surgical intervention that must not be missed, for the salvage operation to be successful 5,6. For this reason, the routine postoperative free flap monitoring has to be effective, reproducible and reliable. Free flap monitoring techniques vary and may include the clinical observation, pinprick testing and handheld Doppler 7. More sophisticated, objective methods include simultaneous

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative analysis using flowmeter, laser-Doppler spectrophotometry, and indocyanine green-videoangiography for detection of vascular stenosis in free flaps

Mücke

Hapfelmeier

Schmidt

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…All surgical procedures were performed under aseptic conditions using intravenous general anesthesia (ketamine 100 mg/kg [Narketan, Vétoquinol GmbH, Ravensburg, Germany] and xylazine 5 mg/kg [Rompun, Bayer Vital GmbH, Leverkusen, Germany]). 12 Postoperative analgesic treatment was performed using buprenorphine 0.05 mg subcutaneously.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations in Surgically Created Intimal Lesions: An Observation Study in the Aortic Rat Model

Wolff

Ritschl

Düring

et al. 2020

J Reconstr Microsurg

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Background Intimal injury in microvessels due to common risk factors such as atherosclerosis or inadequate manipulation are known to have a major impact on developing thrombosis and eventually vascular obstruction. Understanding of these injuries is therefore of great significance to prevent far-reaching consequences such as flap loss in free tissue transfer. It was the aim of this study to evaluate artificially induced intimal lesions with focus on alteration in size and configuration. Methods Intimal defects were created surgically in the abdominal aorta of 30 male Wistar rats. After planimetric measurement of the defect sizes, configuration of defects were classified as round, horizontal, or vertical. Seven days postoperatively, the rats underwent a second-look surgery. Finally, the abdominal aorta was harvested, and the endothelial defects were reevaluated concerning size and configuration using a defined pattern. Results The mean defect size created intraoperatively was 1.68 ± 0.6 mm2. The classification of the defects configurations resulted in 43.3% round, 20% horizontal, and 36.7% vertical defects. Reevaluation at 7 days after surgery showed defect shrinkage in 96.7% in total and 42.8% averaging due to reendothelialization. A shift in defect configuration was detected in 56.7%, the strongest being in vertical defect configurations (100%). Vascular occlusion did not occur in any of the specimen. Conclusion Intimal injuries undergo a fast repair process in terms of size reduction and configuration modification due to reendothelialization. Especially vertical defects, representing a great risk for thrombus formation, convert into lower risk horizontal defect configurations. In high-flow vessels such as the rat aortas, small endothelial damage seems to have no significant impact to produce complete vascular occlusion. Still, all efforts should be made to avoid any kind of intimal injury.

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“…Vétoquinol GmbH, Ravensburg, Germany] and xylazine 5 mg/kg [Rompun, Fa. Bayer Vital GmbH, Leverkusen, Germany]) and aseptic conditions as described elsewhere, 11 and all efforts were made to minimize suffering.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Form and Size Matter: Increased Risk of Thrombosis in Microvessels with Surgically Created Endothelial Lesions

Mücke

Wolff

Düring

et al. 2016

J reconstr Microsurg

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Atherosclerosis is a known risk factor for flap loss in microsurgery. Several microsurgical techniques, like plaque removal, have been proposed for atherosclerotic vessels, but these techniques often induce intimal injuries. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of various endothelial defects on the risk of thrombosis in a rat acute intimal injury model. Endothelial defects of various forms and sizes were created in the abdominal aorta of 30 male Wistar rats following a strict protocol. Defect sizes were measured and classified as round, horizontal, or vertical based on their configuration. An hour after reestablishing the blood flow, the abdominal aorta was harvested and the operation site was assessed for signs of thrombosis clinically and using light microscopy. Univariate and multiple linear regression analysis were performed to identify possible influencing factors on thrombosis. The mean defect size was 2.65 ± 1.19 mm. Intimal lesions were classified as round in 36.7%, horizontal in 33.3%, and vertical in 30% of specimens. Thrombus formation was detected in 46.7% clinically and in 50% histologically. Univariate regression analysis revealed that defect size ( = 0.048) and vertical form ( = 0.017) were significantly associated with thrombus formation. Multiple regression analysis corroborated vertical defects as a risk factor for thrombosis ( = 0.03). Endothelial injuries are associated with a high risk of thrombosis with highest risks associated with vertical defects. Arteries should be carefully examined for intimal defects before microvascular anastomosis, especially in the atherosclerotic patient.

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Ketamine-Xylazine Anesthesia in Rats: Intraperitoneal versus Intravenous Administration Using a Microsurgical Femoral Vein Access

Abstract: IV administration using the microsurgical femoral vein access is a feasible method with a quicker response rate and a 100% administration rate. Furthermore, it enables longer anesthesia, for example, complex microsurgical or other experimental procedures in the rat.

Cited by 25 publications

References 9 publications

A comparative analysis using flowmeter, laser-Doppler spectrophotometry, and indocyanine green-videoangiography for detection of vascular stenosis in free flaps

A comparative analysis using flowmeter, laser-Doppler spectrophotometry, and indocyanine green-videoangiography for detection of vascular stenosis in free flaps

Alterations in Surgically Created Intimal Lesions: An Observation Study in the Aortic Rat Model

Form and Size Matter: Increased Risk of Thrombosis in Microvessels with Surgically Created Endothelial Lesions

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