2000
DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703479
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Ketamine potentiates cerebrocortical damage induced by the common anaesthetic agent nitrous oxide in adult rats

Abstract: 1 For general anaesthesia, patients usually receive a combination of drugs, all of which are classi®ed as g-amino-butyric acid (GABA) agonists, with two notable exceptions ± ketamine and nitrous oxide (laughing gas, N 2 O) ± which are antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors. At clinically relevant doses both ketamine and N 2 O, like other NMDA antagonists, have the potential to induce psychotomimetic reactions in humans and to cause pathomorphological changes in cerebrocortical neurons i… Show more

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Cited by 84 publications
(77 citation statements)
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“…When these drugs, including virtually all anesthetics, are administered to young animals (including primates), neurodegeneration results. 2,4,5,7,9,10 Few studies provide insight into the potential clinical significance of these observations. [11][12][13] Recently, we reported an association between multiple, but not single, exposures to anesthesia/surgery before the age of 4 and subsequent learning disabilities (LDs).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…When these drugs, including virtually all anesthetics, are administered to young animals (including primates), neurodegeneration results. 2,4,5,7,9,10 Few studies provide insight into the potential clinical significance of these observations. [11][12][13] Recently, we reported an association between multiple, but not single, exposures to anesthesia/surgery before the age of 4 and subsequent learning disabilities (LDs).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To administer a specific concentration of N 2 O/oxygen and isoflurane in a highlycontrolled environment, the anesthesia chamber was used [8,9,11]. Animals were kept normothermic throughout the experiment, as previously described [12]. For control experiments, air was substituted for the gas mixtures.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Most drugs have GABA-mimetic and/or NMDA antagonist properties, raising the question of whether combined use of sedative drugs has additive or synergistic neurotoxic effects (30,73). For example, coadministration of even low concentrations of ketamine and nitrous oxide synergistically enhances their neurotoxic effects (74). Sedative concentrations of midazolam and ketamine induce apoptosis in the infant mouse brain more effectively than either of these drugs alone (23).…”
Section: Experimental Data On the Effects Of Analgesics And Sedative mentioning
confidence: 99%