KETAMINE AS A POSSIBLE MODERATOR OF HYPNOTIZABILITY:
            <i>A Feasibility Study</i>

Patterson, David R.; Hoffer, Christine; Jensen, Mark P.; Wiechman, Shelley A.; Sharar, Sam R.

doi:10.1080/00207144.2018.1460559

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…That is, the themes and expectations that are primed before and during a psychedelic experience often manifest in the recipient's experiences. This has also been observed with other psychotomimetic drugs like ketamine 116 .…”

Section: Person Factorssupporting

confidence: 64%

Do Psychedelics Change Beliefs?

McGovern¹,

Leptourgos²,

Hutchinson³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Renewed interest in psychedelics has reignited the debate about whether and how they change human beliefs. In both the clinical and social-cognitive domains, psychedelic consumption may be accompanied by profound, and sometimes lasting, belief changes. We review these changes and their possible underlying mechanisms. Rather than inducing de novo beliefs, we argue psychedelics may instead change the impact of affect and of others’ suggestions on how beliefs are imputed. Critically, we find that baseline beliefs (in the possible effects of psychedelics, for example) might color the acute effects of psychedelics as well as longer term changes. If we are to harness the apparent potential of psychedelics in the clinic and for human flourishing more generally, these possibilities must be addressed empirically.

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Section: Person Factorssupporting

confidence: 64%

Do Psychedelics Change Beliefs?

McGovern¹,

Leptourgos²,

Hutchinson³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Hypnotic suggestions are defined as declarations made to induce, or made during, hypnotic states that prescribe changes in behavior, cognition or perceptual experience that do not require volitional engagement of the participant to occur ( Oakley and Halligan, 2013 ). Suggestion is an important comparator to imprinting given that it also occurs without voluntary engagement and because increased suggestibility has been demonstrated both in hypnotic states and during the acute effects of a wide variety of psychoactive drugs, including the serotonergic psychedelic LSD, cannabis, nitrous oxide, and ketamine (at least in some individuals) ( Kelly et al, 1978 ; Whalley and Brooks, 2009 ; Carhart-Harris et al, 2015 ; Patterson et al, 2018 ). Indeed, hypnosis and suggestion have been explicitly utilized to shape psychedelic experiences to increase therapeutic benefits in an approach known as “hypnodelic therapy”, first described in the first wave of psychedelic research ( Levine and Ludwig, 1966 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imprinting: expanding the extra-pharmacological model of psychedelic drug action to incorporate delayed influences of sets and settings

Garel,

Thibault Lévesque,

Sandra

et al. 2023

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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BackgroundPsychedelic drug experiences are shaped by current-moment contextual factors, commonly categorized as internal (set) and external (setting). Potential influences of past environments, however, have received little attention.AimsTo investigate how previous environmental stimuli shaped the experiences of patients receiving ketamine for treatment-resistant depression (TRD), and develop the concept of “imprinting” to account for such time-lagged effects across diverse hallucinogenic drugs.MethodsRecordings of treatment sessions and phenomenological interviews from 26 participants of a clinical trial investigating serial intravenous ketamine infusions for TRD, conducted from January 2021 to August 2022, were retrospectively reviewed. A broad literature search was undertaken to identify potentially underrecognized examples of imprinting with both serotonergic and atypical psychedelics, as well as analogous cognitive processes and neural mechanisms.ResultsIn naturalistic single-subject experiments of a 28-year-old female and a 34-year-old male, subjective ketamine experiences were significantly altered by varying exposures to particular forms of digital media in the days preceding treatments. Higher levels of media exposure reduced the mystical/emotional qualities of subsequent psychedelic ketamine experiences, overpowering standard intention-setting practices and altering therapeutic outcomes. Qualitative data from 24 additional patients yielded eight further spontaneous reports of past environmental exposures manifesting as visual hallucinations during ketamine experiences. We identified similar examples of imprinting with diverse psychoactive drugs in past publications, including in the first-ever report of ketamine in human subjects, as well as analogous processes known to underly dreaming.Conclusions/interpretationPast environmental exposures can significantly influence the phenomenology and therapeutic outcomes of psychedelic experiences, yet are underrecognized and understudied. To facilitate future research, we propose expanding the contextual model of psychedelic drug actions to incorporate imprinting, a novel concept that may aid clinicians, patients, and researchers to better understand psychedelic drug effects.Clinical trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT04701866.

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“…SRT can also take advantage of the drug’s power itself so that drugs can also increase hypnotic susceptibility. So, methylphenidate enhancement of hypnotizability in adults with ADHD [ 35 ] and a low dose of ketamine in healthy volunteers can increase not only the subjective ratings of dissociation but also hypnotizability [ 36 ]. This has already been proven with SRT [ 9 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inducing Effects of Illegal Drugs to Improve Mental Health by Self-Regulation Therapy: A Pilot Study

Amigó

2021

IJERPH

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Background: This study consists of a brief psychological intervention, which uses Self-Regulation Therapy (SRT, procedure based on suggestion and classical conditioning), to improve coping with stress and emotionality by reproducing the positive effects of illegal drugs: cannabis, cocaine, ecstasy. Method: 15 volunteers (8 males, 7 females), with a mean age of 24.6 (SD = 4.4), underwent intervention to improve their coping with stress and emotionality using SRT. They carried out pre- and post-intervention scores for 10 days and during a 4-week follow-up. The employed instruments were: BSS (Barber Suggestibility Scale); COPE (Coping Skills Inventory), and PANAS (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule). Results: SRT was superior to non-intervention for the 4 coping strategies (η2 = 0.829, 0.453, 0.411 and 0.606) and for positive (η2 = 0.371) and negative emotionality (η2 = 0.419). An improvement in scores was evidenced in the follow-up scores compared to the pre-intervention measures. Conclusions: This study shows for the first time that it is possible to use illegal drugs, considered harmful to public health, to improve young people’s coping capacity and emotionality by reproducing their positive effects with SRT.

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KETAMINE AS A POSSIBLE MODERATOR OF HYPNOTIZABILITY: A Feasibility Study

Cited by 6 publications

References 22 publications

Do Psychedelics Change Beliefs?

Do Psychedelics Change Beliefs?

Imprinting: expanding the extra-pharmacological model of psychedelic drug action to incorporate delayed influences of sets and settings

Inducing Effects of Illegal Drugs to Improve Mental Health by Self-Regulation Therapy: A Pilot Study

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