Keeping one's distance from sadness: Children's self-reports of emotional experience.

Using a cohort-longitudinal design, children's use of the defenses of denial, projection, and identification was assessed at four points over a 2-year time span, covering the age period from 6 years, 6 months to 9 years, 5 months. The results showed a clear decrease in the use of denial from early to middle childhood, a sharp increase in the use of projection, and an increase in the use of identification. These findings, predicted by a theory of defense mechanism development, are consistent with cross-sectional results reported previously.

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Inferences and Recall at Ages Four and Seven

Thompson¹,

Myers²

1985

Child Development

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Inferences and recall at ages 4 and 7 were studied as a function of the cause of a target event, the presence and timing of questions prior to recall, and the type of inference demanded by the questions. 7-year-olds inferred and recalled well with stories containing any of the causal connections employed in the study. 4-year-olds performed better when physical causes, rather than either psychological causes or enabling relations, connected events. Timing of questions did not affect the 7-year-olds' inferences, but asking questions interfered with their recall. Questions about story events aided the 4-year-olds' ability to make inferences and to recall, especially when causal connections were least specified and when questions were asked following the story. 4- and 7-year-olds also differed in responding to demands for 3 specific types of inference. 4-year-olds produced significantly more unconstrained inferences than logical or constrained informational inferences. 7-year-olds were most responsive to logical inference questions, and produced significantly more logical than constrained inferences.

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Keeping one's distance from sadness: Children's self-reports of emotional experience.

Cited by 8 publications

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Effects of marital conflict on children: recent advances and emerging themes in process‐oriented research

Effects of marital conflict on children: recent advances and emerging themes in process‐oriented research

Evidence for Change in Children's Use of Defense Mechanisms

Inferences and Recall at Ages Four and Seven

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