Keeping Doors Closed as One Reason for Fatigue in Teenagers—A Case Study

Mainka, Anna; Zajusz-Zubek, Elwira

doi:10.3390/app9173533

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Results for six measurements are shown in Table 5. The slope of linear dependence of the corrected CO2 concentration increases with higher occupant density and ACH, but when CO2 gains are calculated from this slope similar values are obtained in all cases from 0.0043 to 0.0048 L/s, and agree with the theoretical value of Table 1 for young university students (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25) year old) with sedentary activity (M = 1.3 MET) with similar male and female contribution. The study of the method reproducibility in the workshop classroom, shows a high discrepancy between the results of both measurements (0.044 vs. 0.048 L/s).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

“…It is worth noting that CO 2 concentration is often found above recommendations in buildings with high people density and insufficient ventilation, especially schools [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Problems with CO 2 concentration in residential buildings were discussed by Mainka et al, [18].Nowadays, the ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers) standard [19] recommends indoor CO 2 concentrations less than 700 ppm above the outdoor concentration, giving also a guideline of 1000 ppm. Thus, the CO 2 recommended level is significantly lower than several years ago.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbon Dioxide Human Gains—A New Approach of the Estimation

Rodero

Krawczyk

2019

Sustainability

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Human health is dependent on the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) of residential and public buildings, where people spend a substantial amount of time. Part of IAQ parameters, like temperature or humidity influence the thermal comfort of users, whereas too high carbon dioxide concentration (CO 2 ) could cause various complaints or diseases. In buildings like offices and schools, where we have a brush with a high density of users, the main source of CO 2 is simply people. The type of their activity brings higher or lower carbon dioxide gains, that must be taken into account to design and properly use room ventilation, allowing recommended CO 2 levels not to be exceeded. This paper presents an approach to marking human CO 2 generation off by using an experimental method. The method was verified based on measuring results of six test series conducted in different types of rooms at Bialystok University of Technology (Poland) during lectures, meetings, projects and laboratories. Carbon dioxide gains were comparable with an average value of 0.0045 L/s, which corresponds to theoretical CO 2 generation rates that are symptomatic of males and females, between 16 and 30 years old, with low physical activity.Sustainability 2019, 11, 7128 2 of 12 dioxide concentration, is not considered particularly dangerous as such its high level could result in a room occupants becoming drowsy, fatigued and with insufficient ability to concentrate. A review of the literature conducted by Johnsona et al., [8] showed that there was an association between low-level exposure to CO 2 beginning at 700 ppm and building-related symptoms, whereas respiratory symptoms were indicated in children in a case of indoor CO 2 concentrations higher than 1000 ppm. However it was not possible to eliminate other causes of health problems. As highlighted by Meciarova et al., [9], CO 2 is not considered a pollutant of concern, but as an indicator of how well other people-related pollutants are controlled-particularly odor-causing compounds. As underlined by Lu et al., [6], the concentration of CO 2 in office buildings is primarily dependent on occupant density and ventilation rates. It is worth noting that CO 2 concentration is often found above recommendations in buildings with high people density and insufficient ventilation, especially schools [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Problems with CO 2 concentration in residential buildings were discussed by Mainka et al., [18].Nowadays, the ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers) standard [19] recommends indoor CO 2 concentrations less than 700 ppm above the outdoor concentration, giving also a guideline of 1000 ppm. Thus, the CO 2 recommended level is significantly lower than several years ago. As analyzed by Persily et al., [20] in 1981 the CO 2 limit of 4500 mg/m 3 (2500 ppm) was proposed in an appendix, while in 1989 the value was decreased by 60% to 1800 mg/m 3 (1000 ppm) and such a level was maintained in the 1999 and 2001 versions of the Standard 62.Sufficiently high venti...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Dioxide Human Gains—A New Approach of the Estimation

Rodero

Krawczyk

2019

Sustainability

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“…A study conducted in Poland during the sleeping period of one female teenager (Mainka and Zajusz-Zubek, 2019) showed that CO 2 levels of 6000 mg m À3 were reached several times, when the bedroom's door was closed. Another study carried out in Chinese student dormitories reported a mean CO 2 steady value of 3150 mg m À3 during sleep and associated levels above 3384 mg m À3 with worse IAQ satisfaction (Zhang et al, 2018).…”

Section: Carbon Dioxidementioning

confidence: 99%

Compliance of indoor air quality during sleep with legislation and guidelines – A case study of Lisbon dwellings

Canha

Alves

Marta

et al. 2020

Environmental Pollution

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This study aimed to provide a comprehensive characterisation of the indoor air quality during the sleeping period of 10 couples at Lisbon dwellings, using a multi-pollutant approach, and to understand how the compliance with legislation and guidelines was to assure a good indoor air quality. The assessment of indoor air quality was conducted in the cold season using real time monitors during the sleeping period for comfort parameters (temperature and relative humidity) and air pollutants (carbon dioxide e CO 2 , carbon monoxide e CO, formaldehyde e CH 2 O, total volatile organic compounds e VOCs, and particulate matter e PM 2.5 and PM 10), together with active sampling of bioaerosols (fungi and bacteria) before and after the sleeping period. Lower compliance (less than 50% of the cases) with the Portuguese legislation was found for temperature, CO 2 (3440 ± 1610 mg m À3), VOCs (1.79 ± 0.99 mg m À3) and both bioaerosol types. In 70% of the cases, PM 2.5 (15.3 ± 9.1 mg m À3) exceeded the WHO guideline of 10 mg m À3. All bedrooms presented air change rates above the recommended minimum value of 0.7 h À1 , highlighting that a good indoor air quality during sleep is not guaranteed.

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“…Two more studies have worked on the evaluation of the indoor environment quality while focusing on a specific population group: Children and teenagers. The study of Mainka A. and Zajusz-Zubek E., [8] named 'Keeping Doors Closed as One Reason for Fatigue in Teenagers-A Case Study' investigated the variability of CO 2 concentration in naturally ventilated bedrooms of teenagers in Polland, by correlating bedroom door opening during the night with CO 2 concentration and thermal comfort. In the study 'Cooking/Window Opening and Associated Increases of Indoor PM2.5 and NO 2 Concentrations of Children's Houses in Kaohsiung, Taiwan', Yen Y. et al [9] attempted to assess the influence of window opening and cooking activity to measured air pollutants levels in 60 children homes in an industrial city in Taiwan.…”

Section: From Indoor Environment Quality Perception To Indoor Air Quamentioning

confidence: 99%