Karyotype characteristics, chromosomal polymorphism and gene COI sequences of Chironomus heteropilicornis Wülker, 1996 (Diptera, Chironomidae) from the South Caucasus

Abstract

The study presents data on the karyotype characteristics, features of chromosomal polymorphism and the gene COI sequences of Chironomus heteropilicornis Wülker, 1996 (Diptera, Chironomidae) from the South Caucasus. We found 8 banding sequences in the Caucasian population. Overall, The Caucasian population of the species can be characterized as having a low level of polymorphism. We found one new banding sequence hpiA2 in the banding sequence pool of Ch. heteropilicornis. We observed inversion polymorphism only in the arm F. The dendrogram of genetic distances by Nei criteria (1972) shows a clear separation of the Caucasian population from populations of Siberia. At the same time, the distance between populations of Siberia and the population of South Caucasus (0.379–0.445) almost reach the mean distance (0.474 ± 0.314) between subspecies (Gunderina 2001). Due to this, we can assume that the population of South Caucasus separated from Siberian populations at the level of subspecies. Constructed on data for COI gene sequences the phylogenetic tree estimated by the Bayesian inference shows that the sequences of Ch. heteropilicornis from the South Caucasus form a separate line in the general branch of Ch. heteropilicornis sequences. At the same time, calculated K2P genetic distances between Ch. heteropilicornis sequences from Norway and Caucasus (2.0–2.2%) do not exceed the 3% threshold for the genus Chironomus.

Karyotype and COI sequences of Chironomus sokolovae Istomina, Kiknadze et Siirin, 1999 (Diptera,Chironomidae) from the bay of Orkhon River, Mongolia

“…Phylogenetic analysis using COI sequences showed groups of related species (Fig. 2), which concur with how these species were combined into the groups earlier on the basis of karyological and morphological traits (Kiknadze et al 2016;Karmokov 2019). Obtained data are highly accurate (~100%) and show that Ch.…”

Karyotype and COI gene sequence of Chironomus heteropilicornis Wülker, 1996 (Diptera, Chironomidae) from the Gydan Peninsula, Russia

“…Nucleoli were found in arms B, D, E and G, Balbiani rings in arms B and G. The homologues in arm G usually laying closely to each other or are tightly paired (Kiknadze et al 2016). (Kiknadze et al 2016;Karmokov 2019) and one new hpiB2 sequence reported for the first time (Fig. 3).…”

“… heteropilicornis , hpiB2, was found. The hpiA2 banding sequence was found in all individuals, and this is its second finding after the Georgian population ( Karmokov 2019 ). The hpiF3 banding sequence was found only in the homozygous state.…”

“…The same situation with the occurrence of these banding sequences was in all of 33 Georgian individuals (Karmokov 2019). The sequence hpiF3 was found in all larvae from the Gydan Peninsula, absent in Georgia (Karmokov 2019), but present in Yakutian populations with an occurrence from 9 to 22.5% (Kiknadze et al 1996).…”

“…The larvae were determined by karyology. To identify chromosome banding sequences in arms A, E and F the cytophotomaps of Wülker (1996), Kiknadze et al (1996Kiknadze et al ( , 2016, Karmokov (2019) were used, the mapping performed in the system of Keyl (1962), and for arms C and D cytophotomaps of Wülker (1996), Kiknadze et al (1996Kiknadze et al ( , 2016 were used in the system of Dévai et al (1989).…”