The principal aim of this work is a comprehensive analysis of the phase diagram of water
via the van der Waals like equations of state (EoSs) which are considered as superpositions
of repulsive and attractive forces. We test more extensively the modified van der Waals EoS
(MVDW) proposed by Skibinski et al (2004 Phys. Rev. E 69 061206) and refine this model
by introducing instead of the classical van der Waals repulsive term a very accurate
hard sphere EoS over the entire stable and metastable regions (Liu 2006 Preprint
cond-mat/0605392). It was detected that the simplest form of MVDW EoS displays a
complex phase behavior, including three critical points, and identifies four fluid phases
(gas, low density liquid (LDL), high density liquid (HDL), and very high density liquid
(VHDL)). Moreover the experimentally observed (Mallamace et al 2007 Proc. Natl Acad.
Sci. USA 104 18387) anomalous behavior of the density of water in the deeply
supercooled region (a density minimum) is reproduced by the MWDW EoS. An
improvement of the repulsive part does not change the topological picture of the
phase behavior of water in the wide range of thermodynamic variables. The new
parameters set for second and third critical points are recognized by thorough analysis
of experimental data for the loci of thermodynamic response function extrema.
The karyotype features and gene COI sequence of Chironomus heteropilicornis Wülker, 1996 from the Gydan Peninsula are presented for the first time. Nine banding sequences were determined, eight of them hpiA2, hpiB1, hpiC1, hpiC2, hpiD1, hpiE1, hpiF3 and hpiG1 were previously known from European, Georgian (South Caucasus) and Siberian populations. One new banding sequence for Ch. heteropilicornis, hpiB2, was found. The hpiA2 banding sequence was found in all individuals, and this is its second finding after the Georgian population (Karmokov 2019). The hpiF3 banding sequence was found only in the homozygous state. Additional B-chromosomes are absent. The genetic distances (K2P) between Ch. heteropilicornis COI gene sequence from Gydan Peninsula and Norway are 1.1–1.3%, and Georgia – 1.8%, much lower than the commonly accepted threshold of 3% for species of genus Chironomus Meigen, 1803. The phylogenetic tree for COI gene sequences estimated by Bayesian inference showed geographically determined clusters of Norway and Gydan and a separate lineage of the Georgian population of Ch. heteropilicornis. The analysis of karyotype and COI gene sequences shows that the population of Ch. heteropilicornis from the Gydan Peninsula has an intermediate position within the Ch. pilicornis group between Georgian, Yakutian and Norwegian populations. The position of Ch. pilicornis Fabricius, 1787 from Canada and Greenland on the phylogenetic tree is discussed.
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