Kalorische Daten

Ion Clouds in the Inductively Coupled Plasma Torch: A Closer Look through Computations

“…This indicated a deviation of 3% in the temperature. Furthermore, the calculated thermal conductivities are compared with the values obtained from experiments. − The data are in good agreement (typically less than 5% deviation) for both the pure elements as well as for the example mixture of 50% He and 50% Ar (mole fraction). The maximum deviations reach values of about 10%, which is similar to deviations of the data given in, e.g., ref with respect to ref .…”

Exceptionally high-temperature in-air stability of transparent conductive oxide tantalum-doped tin dioxide

“…Our normal mode analysis points out that this Raman band arises from the stretching of the O 2 dimer embedded in the crystal structure of SnO 2 . Its lower frequency in comparison to the oxygen molecule is a consequence of the larger bond O–O distance (151 pm vs. 121 pm in molecular oxygen) 80 together with the lack of double bond character and the interaction with the neighboring tin atoms. A similar oxygen defect structure was proposed by Godinho et al 81 These authors found the formation of single bonded O 2 2− (peroxide) for oxygen-rich SnO 2+ x based on extensive DFT-GGA calculations.…”

“…, F, Sb, Sn, and Ta, the latter has by far the highest melting and boiling points. 80 Compared to antimony, Ta has a clear preference for the oxidation state +5, while the chemistry of Sb includes the oxidation states −3, +3, and +5. 86–89 The competition between Sb +3 and Sb +5 is also discussed as a reason for the self-compensation of charge carrier mobilities.…”

“…32 Another stabilizing factor for Ta- in comparison to Sb-doping of SnO 2 is the lower ionization energy for Ta 5+ , 123 eV compared to 151 eV. 80 Considering the ionic radii ratios between the dopant and the host ions of the discussed TCOs, the best match of 95% and 93% is found for SnO 2 :F and SnO 2 :Ta, respectively, while the ratios in SnO 2 :Sb and In 2 O 3 :Sn are smaller with 86% and 87%, respectively. 80 From all these arguments we conclude that the low volatility of Ta and its favorable energetic and geometric properties are responsible for the exceptionally high thermal in-air stability of Ta-doped SnO 2 .…”

Underwater operation of a full tensor SQUID gradiometer system

“…The operation temperature of 4.2 K of our SQUID gradiometers is provided by immersing them in lHe at a pressure of 1035 mbar kept constant in the cryostat. The idea of operating at higher pressures if releasing the boiling off helium gas directly to the surrounding water would provide the easiest way-but lHe would hit the critical point already at an absolute pressure of 2.291 bar [11], which corresponds to a depth underwater of 13 m. As our depth range is planned for up to 30 m, this is not an option.…”