Judging distance from ocular convergence

Brenner, Eli; Damme, W.J.M. van

doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(97)00236-8

Cited by 74 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Previous studies of binocular vergence have shown that vergence is evaluated in terms of an adaptable reference vergence distance (Brenner & Van Damme, 1998;Mon-Williams & Tresilian, 1999a, 1999bMon-Williams et al, in press;Owens & Liebowitz, 1976;von Hofsten, 1976von Hofsten, , 1979. Repeated observation of an object at a single distance with no other object visible would attract the reference vergence to that distance, rendering vergence as rather poorly specified information about distance.…”

Section: Testing Vision Without Feedbackmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relation between vergence and perceived distance is mediated by an adjusted reference level for vergence (Brenner & Van Damme, 1998;Mon-Williams, Tresilian, & Hasking, in press;Owens & Liebowitz, 1976;von Hofsten, 1976von Hofsten, , 1979. The reference vergence level is a function of both luminance level and recently experienced vergence distances (Brenner & Van Damme, 1998;Mon-Williams, Tresilian, & Hasking, in press;Owens & Liebowitz, 1976). With repeated experience of only a single distance, vergence level would become poorly defined as information about distance.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Calibration of Distance and Size Does Not Calibrate Shape Information: Comparison of Dynamic Monocular and Static and Dynamic Binocular Vision

Bingham¹

2005

Ecological Psychology

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This study investigated the coupling of distance and size perception as well as the coupling of distance and shape perception. Each was tested in 2 ways using a targeted reaching task that simultaneously yielded measures of distance, size, and shape perception. First, feed-forward reaches were tested without feedback. Errors in size did not covary with errors in distance, but errors in shape did. Second, reaches were tested with visual feedback. Estimated distance and size became more accurate, but shape did not. The evidence indicated that distance and size perception and distance and shape perception are not coupled. These results were replicated 3 times as we also compared performance using dynamic monocular, static binocular, and dynamic binocular vision. Performance was better with binocular than monocular vision both without and with feedback. The presence of a size gradient did not improve monocular distance perception, yielding additional evidence that distance and size perception are not coupled.The use of vision to control reaching is quite complex. A number of spatial properties of a target object must be perceived to control a reach to grasp the object. The properties include the object's distance, size, and shape. Distance is needed to control reaching. Size and shape are needed to control grasping. It has often been assumed that these properties are coupled in space perception. For instance, the classic size-distance invariance hypothesis assumes that the perception of distance and ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY, 17(2),[55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74]

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Section: Testing Vision Without Feedbackmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Calibration of Distance and Size Does Not Calibrate Shape Information: Comparison of Dynamic Monocular and Static and Dynamic Binocular Vision

Bingham¹

2005

Ecological Psychology

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“…In addition, perceived space is typically distorted, with near targets appearing further away than they actually are and far targets appearing closer, a phenomenon referred to as the speci¢c distance tendency (Gogel & Tietz 1973). From these and related observations it has been concluded that vergence information is too imprecise to play a signi¢cant role in everyday distance perception (see, for example, Brenner & van Damme 1998;Turvey & Soloman 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing confidence in vergence as a cue to distance

Tresilian¹,

Mon-Williams

Kelly

1999

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

131

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Multiple cues contribute to the visual perception of an object's distance from the observer. The manner in which the nervous system combines these various cues is of considerable interest. Although it is accepted that image cues play a signi¢cant role in distance perception, controversy exists regarding the use of kinaesthetic information about the eyes' state of convergence. We used a perturbation technique to explore the contribution of vergence to visually based distance estimates as a function of both ¢xation distance and the availability of retinal information. Our results show that the nervous system increases the weighting given to vergence as (i) ¢xation distance becomes closer; and (ii) the available retinal image cues decrease. We also identi¢ed the presence of a strong contraction bias when distance cues were studied in isolation, but we argue that such biases do not suggest that vergence provides an ine¡ectual signal for near-space perception.

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“…the visual system's estimate of viewing distance, including the angular size of familiar objects (Gogel 1960;O'Leary and Wallach 1980;Predebon 1993), the pattern of binocular disparities (1) across a large field of view (Rogers and Bradshaw 1993;Bradshaw et al 1996), texture gradients (Gibson 1950;Sedgewick 1986), and the range of depths of objects visible in a scene and eye movements between these Brenner and van Damme 1998). From the results of experiments reported here, we argue that the instantaneous viewing conditions are not sufficient to explain the perceived depth of a stimulus: the past experience, or knowledge, of the observer may also have an influence, including experience under a particular set of experimental conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cues to Viewing Distance for Stereoscopic Depth Constancy

1998

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A veridical estimate of viewing distance is required in order to determine the metric structure of objects from binocular stereopsis. One example of a judgment of metric structure, which we used in our experiment, is the apparently circular cylinder task (E B Johnston, 1991 Vision Research 31 1351-1360). Most studies report underconstancy in this task when the stimulus is defined purely by binocular disparities. We examined the effect of two factors on performance: (i) the richness of the cues to viewing distance (using either a naturalistic setting with many cues to viewing distance or a condition in which the room and the monitors were obscured from view), and (ii) the range of stimulus disparities (cylinder depths) presented during an experimental run. We tested both experienced subjects (who had performed the task many times before under full-cue conditions) and naïve subjects. Depth constancy was reduced for the naïve subjects (from 62% to 46%) when the position of the monitors was obscured. Under similar conditions, the experienced subjects showed no reduction in constancy. In a second experiment, using a forced-choice method of constant stimuli, we found that depth constancy was reduced from 64% to 23% in naïve subjects and from 77% to 55% in experienced subjects when the same set of images was presented at all viewing distances rather than using a set of stimulus disparities proportional to the correct setting. One possible explanation of these results is that, under reduced-cue conditions, the range of disparities presented is used by the visual system as a cue to viewing distance.

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Judging distance from ocular convergence

Cited by 74 publications

References 21 publications

Calibration of Distance and Size Does Not Calibrate Shape Information: Comparison of Dynamic Monocular and Static and Dynamic Binocular Vision

Calibration of Distance and Size Does Not Calibrate Shape Information: Comparison of Dynamic Monocular and Static and Dynamic Binocular Vision

Increasing confidence in vergence as a cue to distance

Cues to Viewing Distance for Stereoscopic Depth Constancy

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