JONATHAN SWIFT AND IRELAND, by Oliver W. Ferguson. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1962; pp. xii, 218; $5.00

The electrode reactions of Eu (III)/Eu (II), Cr (III)/Cr (II), Cu (II)/Cu (I), Fe (III)/Fe (II), and Pt (IV)/Pt (II) redox couples have been studied using cyclic voltammetry at n-type semiconducting SnO2 electrodes in molten LiCI-KC1 eutectic at 450~ The highly doped oxide electrode is a stable indicator electrode usable at anodie potentials up to chlorine evolution. The redox couples examined are reversible at the tin oxide electrode, indicating no effect of electron depletion on the electron transfer kinetics. Electron tunneling through the space charge barrier takes place more easily in the high temperature melt system. For the oxidation of Cu(I) and Pt(II), which do not show diffusion controlled current peaks, an adsorption effect due to anionic bridge formation on the oxide covered with adsorbed chloride has been suggested.

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“…Platinum reference electrodes and spectroscopic grade graphite counterelectrodes were used as in previous studies (11).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Redox Reactions on Semiconducting Tin Oxide Electrodes in Molten LiCl ‐ KCl Eutectic at 450°C

Laitinen

Uchida

Niki

1978

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Electrodes.--Platinum reference electrodes and spectroscopic grade graphite counterelectrodes were used as in previous studies (13).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Selenide anions are known to exhibit interesting chemistry in A1C18:NaC1 melts. Metal oxides and chalcogenides have been observed to react with A1Cla in closed tubes at temperatures around 800 ~ to yield the species A1OC1 (10), A1SC1 (10), A1SeC1 (11), and A1TeC1 (12) as the products of reactions such as A1C13 -t-ZnSe ~ A1SeC1 -t-ZnCle [1] In a recent study in this laboratory (13), it was shown that similar reactions occur in acidic A1CI~:NaC1 melts where the oxide and chalcogenide ions behave as tribases reacting with the melt to yield the same species. In basic melts these anions were shown to be dibases and the product of reaction with the melt was then a species such as A1SeC12-.…”

Section: Cyclic Voitammetry 05 Chromium(iii) In Moist Hckmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Moisture on the Chromium (III)‐Chromium (II) Electrode Reaction in Molten LiCl ‐ KCl Eutectic

Laitinen

Yamamura

Uchida

1978

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The hydrolysis of chromium (III) in molten LiC1-KC1 eutectic has been studied by varying the ratio of H20 to HC1 vapor pressure in equilibrium with the melt using cyclic voltammetry at a glassy carbon indicator electrode. The initial process is a reversible hydrolysis to form an electroactive species, believed to be CrC15(OH) -8, followed by slower polymerization reactions culminating in the irreversible formation of an insoluble phase. Raising the temperature from 450 ~ to 500~ causes the initial reversible hydrolysis to be less pronounced, and to increase the rate of the subsequent irreversible processes.In view of the difficulty of completely dehydrating molten LiC1-KC1 eutectic, the behavior of water is of special interest. Hydrolytic decomposition during melting according to the reactionis suppressed by gaseous HCI and promoted by substances such as metal ions or acidic oxides which react with OH-or O = ions to form soluble species or insoluble phases. Fusion of a moist salt mixture in glass or silica vessels leads to an instantaneous etching, which can be prevented by pumping off most of the water from the solid salts and fusing under dry HCI atmosphere (I). Previous studies of water in LiCI-KCI melts have been concerned with measurement of its dissociation constant (2) and with the effect of moisture on the mechanism of the cathodic reduction of chromate (3, 4). In the latter work, it was found that no etching of glass occurred in the presence of moisture if excess HCI was present. Previous studies of the chromium (III)-chromium (If) system have included a measurement of the reversible potential (5), steady-state voltammetry (6), and cyclic voltammetry (7). In the latter study, the first reduction step was interpreted in terms of a rapid charge-transfer reaction Cr+3 + e-~ Cr +2[2]followed by a slow precipitation of CrC12This mechanism appears implausible, in view of the fact that our previous potentiometric and voltammetric work (5, 6) had been carried out with solutions of chromium (II). Spectrophotometric studies of CrC13 have indicated an octahedral coordination to produce CrCI6 -~ in LiC1-KC1 eutectic~at temperatures of 392 ~ and 444~ (8) and also in molten CsC1 at temperatures of 650~ (9). Divalent ions such as Ni(II), Co(II), Cu(II) were found to have tetrahedral coordination, corresponding to MCI~ =. Gruen and McBeth (10) found that V(III) and V(II) in LiC1-KC1 melts showed octahedral coordination at 400 ~ while at higher temperatures a Electrochem~cat Society Active Member.

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“…After identifying and classifying all benthic samples, the number of organisms collected at each sample cross-section were tabled according to species. We used the Shannon-index, diversity index [17], Margalef richness index [18], Simpson's diversity index values [19] to judge water quality conditions.…”

Section: Data Processing and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Benthic Assemblages and their Relationships with Water Quality Measures in the Songhua River, Northeast China

Zhang

2011

AMR

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This study was based on surveys of zoobenthos in the Songhua River during summer and autumn 2008 to provide baseline information for future regulations on water quality. Based on the Shannon-Weaver diversity index, the Margalef richness index, the Simpson biological index and the Goodnight-Whitely modification index, water quality was categorized based on zoobenthos assemblages. In summer, 21 species of zoobenthos were recorded: 8 aquatic insect larvae, 10 mollusks and 6 annelids. In autumn, 24 species of zoobenthos were recorded: 11 aquatic insect larvae, 9 mollusks and 4 annelids. During the summer, zoobenthos densities ranged from 16 to 3200 organisms/m2, averaging 723 organisms/m2, while biomass ranged from 0 to 106 g/m2, averaging 26 g/m2. During the autumn, zoobenthos densities ranged from 16 to 6368 organisms/m2, averaging 1321 organisms/m2. Biomass ranged from 0 to 92 g/m2, averaging 31 g/m2. The study has important practical significance, as it shows the possibility to monitor and evaluate aquatic bio-indicators reflecting the water quality of Songhua River.

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JONATHAN SWIFT AND IRELAND, by Oliver W. Ferguson. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1962; pp. xii, 218; $5.00

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Some Redox Reactions on Semiconducting Tin Oxide Electrodes in Molten LiCl ‐ KCl Eutectic at 450°C

Some Redox Reactions on Semiconducting Tin Oxide Electrodes in Molten LiCl ‐ KCl Eutectic at 450°C

Effect of Moisture on the Chromium (III)‐Chromium (II) Electrode Reaction in Molten LiCl ‐ KCl Eutectic

Benthic Assemblages and their Relationships with Water Quality Measures in the Songhua River, Northeast China

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