Joint Acute Toxicity of Diazinon and Copper to Ceriodaphnia Dubia

Banks, Kenneth E.; Wood, Sylvia H.; Matthews, Cathy; Thuesen, Kevin A.

doi:10.1897/1551-5028(2003)22<1562:jatoda>2.0.co;2

Cited by 15 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…Diazinon is used on a variety of agricultural crops such as fruit trees, corn, and tobacco, as well as domestically in homes and gardens for pest control (e.g., fire ants) (Burkepile et al, 2000). Approximately 6 million kg of diazinon are applied annually in the United States and, as a result, it contributes to the non-point-source contamination of aquatic environments (Banks et al, 2003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity Assessment of Diazinon in a Constructed Wetland Using Hyalella azteca

Smith

Lizotte

Moore

2007

Bull Environ Contam Toxicol

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The goal of this study was to examine the use of a constructed wetland to mitigate the ecological impacts of simulated diazinon runoff from agricultural fields into receiving waters, via 48 h aqueous and sediment bioassays using Hyalella azteca. Aqueous animal 48 h survival varied temporally and spatially in conjunction with measured diazinon concentrations. Sediment H. azteca survival varied temporally and spatially in conjunction with measured diazinon concentrations, but less than aqueous exposures, confirming that sediment bound diazinon was less bioavailable than aqueous diazinon.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity Assessment of Diazinon in a Constructed Wetland Using Hyalella azteca

Smith

Lizotte

Moore

2007

Bull Environ Contam Toxicol

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“…The results indicated a less than additive response for the binary mixture in both laboratory-dosed and effluent samples. In a separate study using C. dubia, Banks et al (2003) found less than additive responses for binary mixtures of diazinon and copper. In other studies, greater than additive responses have been noted.…”

Section: Toxicity Of Pesticide Mixturesmentioning

confidence: 92%

Challenges in Regulating Pesticide Mixtures

Lydy¹,

Belden²,

Wheelock³

et al. 2004

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164

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ABSTRACT. This paper introduces the field of mixture toxicity and the challenges in regulating pesticide mixtures. Even though pesticides are unique chemical stressors designed to have biological activity that can affect a number of nontarget species, they are intentionally placed into the environment in large quantities. Currently, methods and terminology for evaluating mixture toxicity are poorly established. The most common approach used is the assumption of additive concentration, with the concentrations adjusted for potency to a reference toxicant. Using this approach, the joint action of pesticides that have similar chemical structures and modes of toxic action can be predicted. However, this approach and other modeling techniques often provide little insight into the observed toxicity produced by mixtures of pesticides from different classes. Particularly difficult to model are mixtures that involve a secondary toxicant that changes the toxicokinetics of a primary toxicant. This may result in increased activation or a change in the persistence of the primary toxicant within the organism and may be responsible for a several-fold increase or decrease in toxicity. At present, the ecological effects caused by mixtures of pesticides are given little consideration in the regulatory process. However, mixtures are being considered in relation to human health in the pesticide registration process, setting a precedent that could be followed for ecological protection. Additionally, pesticide mixtures may be regulated through toxicity testing of surface water under the Clean Water Act. The limits of our basic knowledge of how mixtures interact are compromising both these avenues for regulating mixtures. We face many challenges to adequately protecting the environment from mixture toxicity; these challenges include understanding the interactions of toxicants within an organism, identifying the mixtures that most commonly occur and cause adverse effects, and developing a regulatory structure capable of minimizing environmental impacts.

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“…Although the TU approach has been considered a suitable tool for predicting the toxicity of mixtures and assessing the interactive effects of individual chemicals in the mixtures, differences in the shape and slope of concentration-response curves of individual metals in the mixtures can affect the assumption of additivity through violation of the TU concept (Van Gestel and Hensbergen, 1997). The type of interaction may also vary with effect level on which the mixture is being judged (Banks et al, 2003;Van der Geest et al, 2000) because the ecotoxicological mode of action may change as various toxicological effects become operative (Barata and Baird, 2000;Barata et al, 2006Barata et al, , 2007.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%