Job-related stress and tobacco smoking: A systematic review

Khorrami, Zahra; Zolala, Farzaneh; Haghdoost, Ali-Akbar; Sadatmoosavi, Ali; Taleb, Ziyad Ben; Kondracki, Anthony J.; Ward, Kenneth D.; Shahbaz, Mohammad; Kalan, Mohammad Ebrahimi

doi:10.1080/15555240.2021.1960854

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Further, Airmen in indoor/desk careers reported stress as a facilitator for smoking, consistent with research suggesting that stress is a facilitator for tobacco use among civilians [ 13 , 22 ]. Airmen tend to work long hours with fewer breaks, which could lead to increased stress [ 15 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Airmen tend to work long hours with fewer breaks, which could lead to increased stress [ 15 ]. There may also be fluctuations in stress at various careers stages (e.g., deployment [ 14 ]), which may also contribute to increased tobacco use [ 13 ]. Further, previous literature demonstrated that stress is a predictor of relapse [ 23 ] and has been linked to a reduced likelihood of resisting the urge to smoke [ 22 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, the social culture of smoking, such as having more colleagues who smoke at work [ 6 ], viewing smoking as a social activity [ 11 ], and perceived coworker norms regarding smoking cessation [ 12 ] have all been associated with smoking prevalence in civilian populations. Further, in civilian populations, research has suggested that job-related stress may be another facilitator of tobacco use with a recent systematic review finding that job-related stress may lead to an increase in smoking behavior [ 13 ]. This may be particularly salient among military personnel given the heightened levels of work-related stress that they experience (e.g., deployment and combat [ 14 ]; work overload, relationships with superiors [ 15 ]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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“It Depends on Where You Are and What Job You Do”: Differences in Tobacco Use across Career Fields in the United States Air Force

Horn

Porter

Pebley

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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While tobacco use within the military is often discussed as being homogenously part of U.S. military culture, literature from civilian populations highlights that tobacco use varies by career field (e.g., “white collar” vs. “blue collar”). The objective of this qualitative study was to compare tobacco use by career fields in the U.S. Air Force. Airmen, Military Training Instructors, and Technical Training Instructors participated in 22 focus groups across five major Air Force Technical Training bases. Focus groups were conducted in-person using semi-structured interview guides and were audio-recorded. A conventional content-coding approach was used to code transcripts. Participants described substantial variation across the careers, which was attributed to social norms and the nature of jobs. Individuals in careers that spend most of their time outside were more likely to permit tobacco use. Conversely, tobacco use was seen as stigmatized in medical fields. Additionally, smokeless tobacco was identified as popular in certain careers because it could be used covertly on the job. Findings suggest that a one-size-fits-all approach to reducing tobacco use through policies and programs may not reflect the realities of military tobacco use. These findings may provide insights into other branches of the U.S. military with similar career fields.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

“It Depends on Where You Are and What Job You Do”: Differences in Tobacco Use across Career Fields in the United States Air Force

Horn

Porter

Pebley

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…First, stress factors and peer pressure, among the most important reasons for starting and keeping tobacco consumption [ 20 , 21 ], substantially decrease along with exiting employment. As stated by a recent systematic review, job-related stress may lead to intensifying smoking [ 22 ]. It is possible that leaving demanding and stressful work aids many people in cutting down or quitting smoking [ 20 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transition to retirement impact on smoking habit: results from a longitudinal analysis within the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) project

et al. 2023

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Background In an ageing society, retirement impacts on behavioural risk factors and health outcomes should be carefully assessed. Scant evidence exists from longitudinal studies on the short- and long-term consequences of the transition to retirement on smoking habit. Methods We conducted a longitudinal study based on the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) data from 27 European countries plus Israel collected in 2004–2020. To estimate relative risks (RR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for smoking status and intensity at seven time periods before and after retirement, we fitted adjusted generalised estimating equation (GEE) models for repeated measures. Results We selected a cohort of 8998 individuals employed at baseline and retired at follow-up (median follow-up time: 9 years; maximum: 16 years). As compared to the year of retirement, the RR of smoking was 1.59 (95% CI 1.44–1.76) at 10 years or more before retirement, 1.35 (95% CI 1.25–1.46) from 5 to 9 years before retirement, and 1.18 (95% CI 1.10–1.27) from 1 to 4 years before retirement. Smoking steadily decreased after retirement, being 0.94 (95% CI 0.87–1.01) from 1 to 4 years after retirement, 0.76 (95% CI 0.69–0.84) from 5 to 9 years, and 0.58 (95% CI 0.46–0.74) 10 years or more after retirement. In smokers, the estimated number of cigarettes smoked/day decreased from about 27 cigarettes/day at 10 years or more before retirement to 9 cigarettes/day at 10 years or more after retirement (p trend < 0.001). Conclusion Longitudinal data suggest that lifestyles might favourably change with retirement. Further studies are needed to direct healthy ageing promotion policies better.

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“…In the literature, one risk factor for tobacco use in NSHW is the need to take a break in order to cope with a stressful work environment [ 42 , 43 ]. Some studies found a relationship between nicotine dependence scores and levels of job stress in nurses who smoked [ 44 , 45 ]. Similarly, alcohol consumption is also linked to stress at work and to anxiety [ 46 – 48 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived stigma, substance use and self-medication in night-shift healthcare workers: a qualitative study

Cousin

Roucoux

Petit

et al. 2022

BMC Health Serv Res

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Background Many risk factors related to altered circadian rhythms impact the health of night-shift hospital workers (NSHW), resulting in mental and somatic disorders. Easy access to psychoactive substances (PS) may facilitate addictive behaviors in NSHW. They are also exposed to a stressful work environment, which may further affect sleep quality. This study aimed to explore the link between sleep deprivation, work-related psychosocial stress and psychoactive substance use as a self-medication response in NSHW. Methods Qualitative study to verify the plausibility of the self-medication theory applied to addictive behaviors. Semi-structured interviews (N = 18 NSHW) and thematic analysis, following consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research recommendations. Results Stigma against NSHW was a primary element of a stressful work environment. The stressful and stigmatizing environment, together with night-shift work, further affected NSHW sleep and their mental and physical health. The use of PS appeared to be for self-medication, encouraged by social and professional environments, source(s) of stress, discrimination, and isolation. The work environment, through aggravated sleep disorders, led NSHW to use non-prescribed sleeping pills. Alcohol after work and smoking were used as a social break but also as a means to reduce stress. Conclusion Anti-stigma interventions in the healthcare setting and screening of mental/somatic disorders in NSHW can help reduce harmful self-medication behaviors and improve hospital care in the COVID-19 era.

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Job-related stress and tobacco smoking: A systematic review

Cited by 8 publications

References 59 publications

“It Depends on Where You Are and What Job You Do”: Differences in Tobacco Use across Career Fields in the United States Air Force

“It Depends on Where You Are and What Job You Do”: Differences in Tobacco Use across Career Fields in the United States Air Force

Transition to retirement impact on smoking habit: results from a longitudinal analysis within the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) project

Perceived stigma, substance use and self-medication in night-shift healthcare workers: a qualitative study

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