Job Creators

Cowling, Marc; Taylor, Mark P.; Mitchell, Peter

doi:10.1111/j.1467-9957.2004.00411.x

Cited by 56 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Employers comprise the minority of the self-employed in most countries, including Spain; but they are usually associated with greater economic value-added (Cowling et al, 2004). We found that in Spain employer self-employment rates evolve pro-cyclically whereas own-account self-employment rates evolve counter-cyclically.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…In which case, one might expect the number of employer entrepreneurs to increase relative to the number of own-account entrepreneurs, making cyclical effects positive for employer entrepreneurs and negative for own-account entrepreneurs. And to the extent that more favorable economic conditions improve opportunities for some own-account entrepreneurs as well, we might expect some own-account entrepreneurs to start hiring labor (Cowling et al, 2004), in which case they switch from own-account to employer status, and reinforce the positive cyclical effects for employers and the negative cyclical effects for the own-account group. Our empirical estimates below will shed light on these conjectures.…”

Section: Persistence Hysteresis Business Cycles and Entrepreneurshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The dynamics of entrepreneurship: hysteresis, business cycles and government policy

2011

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit organization supported by Deutsche Post Foundation. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network, workshops and conferences, data service, project support, research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. Terms of use: Documents in D I S C U S S I O N P A P E R S E R I E SIZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion.Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. ABSTRACT The Dynamics of Entrepreneurship: Hysteresis, Business Cycles and Government PolicyThis paper estimates an unobserved components model to explore the macro dynamics of entrepreneurship in Spain and the US. We ask whether entrepreneurship exhibits hysteresis, defined as a macro dynamic structure in which cyclical fluctuations have persistent effects on the natural rate of entrepreneurship. We find evidence of hysteresis in Spain, but not the US, while in both countries business cycle output variations significantly affect future rates of entrepreneurship. The article discusses implications of the findings for the design of entrepreneurship policies. JEL Classification:C32, E32, J24

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Persistence Hysteresis Business Cycles and Entrepreneurshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

The dynamics of entrepreneurship: hysteresis, business cycles and government policy

2011

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“…Several entrepreneurship studies hint at the existence of segmentation within the self-employment sector and distinguish between the self-employed who monitor others and own-account workers (Banerjee & Newman, 1993;Earle & Sakova, 2000;Cowling et al, 2004;Congregado, Millán & Román, 2010). This distinction between employers and own-account workers is considered to be relevant, for example, to understand the role that entrepreneurs play in markets and in the process of economic development.…”

Section: Literature Background Segmentation Within Self-employmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Importance of Being in Control of Business: Work Satisfaction of Employers, Own-Account Workers and Employees

2015

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Abstract: Self-employed workers can be own-account workers who control their own work or employers who not only are their own boss but also direct others (their employees). We expect both types of self-employed, i.e., own-account workers and employers, to enjoy more independence in determining their work content (type of work) and more flexibility in shaping their work context (e.g., working conditions) compared to paid employees and hence to be more satisfied with their work. Furthermore, we suspect that employers (who can delegate work to their employees and can help them to develop and grow) enjoy even higher levels of work satisfaction compared to both own-account workers (who are their own boss but do not give direction to others) and (non-supervisory) paid employees (who have to obey orders from others within organizational hierarchies). While prior studies typically broadly compare the work satisfaction of self-employed and paid employees, we distinguish employers from own-account workers within the group of self-employed using data from the ECHP for 14 European countries. Our findings indeed show that employers are significantly more satisfied with their work than both own-account workers and paid employees. Additionally, while employers as well as own-account workers enjoy greater procedural utility than (non-supervisory) paid employees stemming from the content and the context of their work, there also seems to be an additional work satisfaction premium for employers. Terms of use: Documents in

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“…The common theoretical explanation for credit rationing vis-a-vis newly founded firms is a severe lack of observable and verifiable information about the entrepreneur's type, her plans, and the risks associated. The asymmetry of information on the entrepreneur's type and behavior will potentially lead to agency problems: adverse selection and moral hazard (Leroy and Singell [1987]; Boadway et al [1998] Burke, FitzRoy, and Nolan [2002]; CGW: Coopers, Gimenogascon, and Woo [1994]; C; Cressy [1996]; EJ: Evans and Jovanovic [1989]; HJR: Holtz-Eakin, Joulfaian, and Rosen [1994a]; LO: Lindh and Ohisson [1996]; T: Taylor [1999]; vP: Van Praag [2003]; CTM: Cowling, Taylor, and Mitchell [2004], Meza and Webb [2000]). The foresight of these problems might prevent the start of ventures.-'…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%