Jitter Characterization of a Dual-Readout SNSPD

Santavicca, Daniel F.; Noble, Brian; Kilgore, Cameron; Wurtz, Gregory A.; Colangelo, Marco; Zhu, Dongmei; Berggren, Karl K.

doi:10.1109/tasc.2019.2895609

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…The jitter associated with the exponential curve with regard to the instant of photon detection is attributable, in first approximation, to the inherent jitter that impacts the SNSPD (σ SN SP D ) [35] and the electronic jitter introduced by the amplifier noise (σ AM P LI ) [36]. However, the investigation in [37] suggests that a third jitter contribution, the jitter of the incident photon (σ P HOT ON ), be addressed.In fact, from a pure metrological standpoint, it is impossible to determine the instant of creation of the observed photon with infinite precision. When evaluating the SNSPD's characterization experiment, incident photons are sometimes generated by a LASER; thus, σ P HOT ON is the jitter in comparison to the ideal trigger.…”

Section: State-of-the-artmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The measurement of the temporal difference of photons in coincidence over two SNSPDs (Figure 4) is another important application of SNSPDs [37]. A source generates photons at the same moment, which are detected by two distinct SNSPDs in this situation.…”

Section: State-of-the-artmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, in real-world applications, we see electronic jitter ranging from 14 to 45 ps as FWHM [37].…”

Section: B Electronic Jittermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of the Bundle SNSPD Plus FPGA-Based TDC for High-Performance Time Measurements

et al. 2022

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Counting single photons and measuring their arrival time is of crucial importance for imaging and quantum applications that use single photons to outperform classical techniques. The investigation of the coincidence, i.e. correlation, between photons can be used to enhance the resolution of optical imaging techniques or to transmit information using quantum cryptography. Time measurements at the state-of-the-art are performed using Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors (SNSPDs), the lowest timing jitter single-photon detectors, connected to digital oscilloscopes or digitizers. This method is not well adapted to the ever-increasing and pressing requirement to perform measurements on a high number of channels at the same time. We focus the high-performance measure of the arrival time of photons and their correlation by means of SNSPDs and a 16-channel Time-to-Digital Converter fully implemented in Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). In this approach, the photons' coincidence is analyzed in real-time directly in the FPGA, resulting in a Coincidence Time Resolution (CTR) of 22.8 ps r.m.s.. For the practical benefit of the scientific community, an extended and comprehensive panorama also of comparison with the actual available strategies in this field of applications is offered through a huge number of references.INDEX TERMS Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC), Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detector (SNSPD), Jitter, Coincidence Time Resolution (CTR), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA).

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Section: State-of-the-artmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: State-of-the-artmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of the Bundle SNSPD Plus FPGA-Based TDC for High-Performance Time Measurements

et al. 2022

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“…See Appendix B for additional details on the simulations. The voltage pulses are characterized by several reflections and distortions caused by the impedance mismatch on both sides of the nanowire, which leads to a reduced slew rate and to a higher impact of the readout electrical noise on the timing jitter, referred to as amplifier jitter j amp [5,29]. The relative variance in the propagation delays generated by detection events in different areas of the meander (different curves in Fig.…”

Section: Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impedance-matched differential superconducting nanowire detectors

Colangelo¹,

Korzh²,

Allmaras³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) are the highest performing photoncounting technology in the near-infrared (NIR). Due to delay-line effects, large area SNSPDs typically trade-off timing resolution and detection efficiency. Here, we introduce a detector design based on transmission line engineering and differential readout for device-level signal conditioning, enabling a high system detection efficiency and a low detector jitter, simultaneously. To make our differential detectors compatible with single-ended time taggers, we also engineer analog differentialto-single-ended readout electronics, with minimal impact on the system timing resolution. Our niobium nitride differential SNSPDs achieve 47.3 % ± 2.4 % system detection efficiency and sub-10 ps system jitter at 775 nm, while at 1550 nm they achieve 71.1 % ± 3.7 % system detection efficiency and 13.1 ps ± 0.4 ps system jitter. These detectors also achieve sub-100 ps timing response at one one-hundredth maximum level, 30.7 ps ± 0.4 ps at 775 nm and 47.6 ps ± 0.4 ps at 1550 nm, enabling time-correlated single-photon counting with high dynamic range response functions. Furthermore, thanks to the differential impedance-matched design, our detectors exhibit delay-line imaging capabilities and photon-number resolution. The properties and high-performance metrics achieved by our system make it a versatile photon-detection solution for many scientific applications.

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“…In [39], the ∆t geo was compensated for by utilising a very short nanowirehowever this resulted in a poor detection efficiency. In work at MIT [187] [188], the ∆t geo was shown to be removable if a differential readout architecture was used. When a photon is absorbed, it generates two electrical pulses of opposite polarity which propagate to opposite ends of the nanowire.…”

Section: Tapered Differential Snspdsmentioning

confidence: 99%