Jar Tests for Evaluation of Atrazine Removal at Drinking Water Treatment Plants

Zhang, Tian Cheng; Emary, Steven Charles

doi:10.1089/ees.1999.16.417

Cited by 22 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Neither lime softening nor alum coagulation (conventional or enhanced dosages ranging from 6 to 18 mg/L) demonstrated atrazine removal (Zhang and Emary, 1999). Coagulation/flocculation/ sedimentation with alum and iron salts or excess lime/soda ash softening did not result in significant removal of antibiotics (i.e., carbadox, sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfathiazole, and trimethoprim) (Adams et al, 2002).…”

Section: Chemical Precipitation Processesmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Usually, 1 to 3 h of contact is provided for the PAC, after which the PAC settles out in the sedimentation tank, and is then disposed with other WTP sludges. For example, PAC added at dosages ranging from 5 to 50 mg/L removed greater than 90% of methylisoborneol (Log K OW 5 3.1) in raw water (Gillogly et al, 1998;Zhang and Emary, 1999;Bruce et al, 2002). Under the conditions encountered in drinking water treatment plants, removal of micropollutants by PAC tends to be independent of initial contaminant concentrations (Knappe et al, 1998;Leung and Segar, 1999).…”

Section: Implications For the Water Industry 457mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products, and Endocrine Disruptors in Water: Implications for the Water Industry

Snyder¹,

Westerhoff²,

Yoon³

et al. 2003

Environmental Engineering Science

800

371

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For over 70 years, scientists have reported that certain synthetic and natural compounds could mimic natural hormones in the endocrine systems of animals. These substances are now collectively known as endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), and have been linked to a variety of adverse effects in both humans and wildlife. More recently, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have been discovered in various surface and ground waters, some of which have been linked to ecological impacts at trace concentrations. The majority of EDCs and PPCPs are more polar than traditional contaminants and several have acidic or basic functional groups. These properties, coupled with occurrence at trace levels (i.e., ,1 mg/L), create unique challenges for both removal processes and analytical detection. Reports of EDCs and PPCPs in water have raised substantial concern among the public and regulatory agencies; however, very little is known about the fate of these compounds during drinking and wastewater treatment. Numerous studies have shown that conventional drinking and wastewater treatment plants can not completely remove many EDCs and PPCPs. Oxidation with chlorine and ozone can result in transformation of some compounds with reactive functional groups under the conditions employed in water and wastewater treatment plants. Advanced treatment technologies, such as activated carbon and reverse osmosis, appear viable for the removal of many trace contaminants including EDCs and PPCPs. Future research needs include more detailed fate and transport data, standardized analytical methodology, predictive models, removal kinetics, and determination of the toxicological relevance of trace levels of EDCs and PPCPs in water.Key words: endocrine disruptor; pharmaceutical; drinking water; wastewater; treatment; review 449 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING COMPOUNDS P ERHAPS THE MOST DIFFICULT PART of understanding the subject of endocrine disruption involves a definition of the term. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has defined environmental endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) as exogenous agents that interfere with the "synthesis, secretion, transport, binding, action, or elimi- nation of natural hormones in the body that are responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis, reproduction, development, and/or behavior" (EPA, 1997). However, definitions and opinions on what defines an EDC vary greatly. It is generally accepted that the three major classes of endocrine disruption endpoints are estrogenic (compounds that mimic or block natural estrogen), androgenic (compounds that mimic or block natural testosterone), and thyroidal (compounds with direct or indirect impacts to the thyroid). As we will illustrate, the majority of research thus far has focused only on estrogenic compounds; however, disruption of androgen and thyroid function may be of greater or equal importance biologically.Although the topic of endocrine disruption is considered an "emerging issue" in the water industry, scientists have known about the ability o...

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Section: Chemical Precipitation Processesmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Implications For the Water Industry 457mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products, and Endocrine Disruptors in Water: Implications for the Water Industry

Snyder¹,

Westerhoff²,

Yoon³

et al. 2003

Environmental Engineering Science

800

371

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Several physico-chemical methods such as chemical precipitation, lime coagulation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, biosorption and adsorption etc. [11] have been advised for selected groups of EDCs/pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), heavy metals, pesticides, and herbicides suggesting coagulation, sedimentation, and filtration for minimal levels of removal [12,13]. Other processes include, adsorption [14], ultrasound, pyrolysis, membrane based techniques [15] etc., which removes EDCs from aqueous solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction of pentachlorophenol and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane from aqueous solutions using ionic liquids

Pilli¹,

Banerjee²,

Mohanty³

2012

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry

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“…Although micropollutants are present in water at low to very low concentrations (ng$L -1 to μg$L -1 ), they exhibit adverse ecological impacts that have raised concern among public and regulatory groups about the fate of such compounds during potable water treatment and human exposure to drinking water [2][3][4][5]. In fact, for EDCs, pharmaceuticals, and herbicides, conventional drinking water treatment processes (i.e., coagulation, sedimentation, and filtration) achieve minimal levels of removal [5][6][7]. To solve the problem, adsorptive and oxidative processes should be applied as safety barriers against micropollutants, because adsorption can remove organic materials directly and oxidation may transform hazardous contaminants into nonhazardous or less toxic compounds [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of permanganate in the oxidation of micropollutants: a mini review

Guan

et al. 2010

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. China

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As a green oxidant, permanganate has received considerable attention for the removal of micropollutants in drinking water treatment. To provide a better understanding of the oxidation of organic micropollutants with permanganate, the oxidation kinetics of 32 micropollutants were compiled. The pollutants include algal toxins, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and pharmaceuticals. The oxidation kinetics of micropollutants by permanganate were found to be first order with respect to both contaminant and permanganate concentrations from which second-order rate constants (k″) were obtained. Permanganate oxidized the heterocyclic aromatics with vinyl moiety (i.e., microcystins, carbamazepine, and dichlorvos) by the addition of double bonds. For the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with alkyl groups, permanganate attacked the benzylic C-H through abstraction of hydrogen. The mechanism for the oxidation of phenolic EDCs by permanganate was a single electron transfer and aromatic ring cleavage. The presence of background matrices could enhance the oxidation of some phenolic EDCs by permanganate, including phenol, chlorinated phenols, bisphenol A, and trichlosan. The toxicity of dichlorvos solution increased after permanganate oxidation, and the estrogenic activity of bisphnol A/estrone increased significantly at the beginning of permanganate oxidation. Therefore, the toxicity of degradation products or intermediates should be determined in the permanganate oxidation processes to better evaluate the applicability of permanganate. The influence of background ions on the permanganate oxidation process is far from clear and should be elucidated in the future studies to better predict the performance of permanganate oxidation of micropollutants. Moreover, methods should be employed to catalyze the permanganate oxidation process to achieve better removal of micropollutants.

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Jar Tests for Evaluation of Atrazine Removal at Drinking Water Treatment Plants

Cited by 22 publications

References 23 publications

Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products, and Endocrine Disruptors in Water: Implications for the Water Industry

Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products, and Endocrine Disruptors in Water: Implications for the Water Industry

Extraction of pentachlorophenol and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane from aqueous solutions using ionic liquids

Application of permanganate in the oxidation of micropollutants: a mini review

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