Application of permanganate in the oxidation of micropollutants: a mini review

Abstract

As a green oxidant, permanganate has received considerable attention for the removal of micropollutants in drinking water treatment. To provide a better understanding of the oxidation of organic micropollutants with permanganate, the oxidation kinetics of 32 micropollutants were compiled. The pollutants include algal toxins, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and pharmaceuticals. The oxidation kinetics of micropollutants by permanganate were found to be first order with respect to both contaminant and permanganate concentrations from which second-order rate constants (k″) were obtained. Permanganate oxidized the heterocyclic aromatics with vinyl moiety (i.e., microcystins, carbamazepine, and dichlorvos) by the addition of double bonds. For the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with alkyl groups, permanganate attacked the benzylic C-H through abstraction of hydrogen. The mechanism for the oxidation of phenolic EDCs by permanganate was a single electron transfer and aromatic ring cleavage. The presence of background matrices could enhance the oxidation of some phenolic EDCs by permanganate, including phenol, chlorinated phenols, bisphenol A, and trichlosan. The toxicity of dichlorvos solution increased after permanganate oxidation, and the estrogenic activity of bisphnol A/estrone increased significantly at the beginning of permanganate oxidation. Therefore, the toxicity of degradation products or intermediates should be determined in the permanganate oxidation processes to better evaluate the applicability of permanganate. The influence of background ions on the permanganate oxidation process is far from clear and should be elucidated in the future studies to better predict the performance of permanganate oxidation of micropollutants. Moreover, methods should be employed to catalyze the permanganate oxidation process to achieve better removal of micropollutants.

A Short Review of Techniques for Phenol Removal from Wastewater

“…It reduces to ferric hydroxide which has coagulation/ flocculation properties, thus providing better efficiency. On the other hand, permanganate is relatively cheap, easy to handle (including the manganese dioxide sludge produced), stable, and does not form chlorinated or brominated by-products [33][34][35]. Peings et al investigated the oxidation mechanism of phenol by sulfatoferrate (VI) and compared it with permanganate and hypochlorite.…”

Pharmaceutical removal from water with iron- or manganese-based technologies: A review

“…In chemical removal of pharmaceuticals, Fe and Mn play important roles as oxidants, reductants, or catalysts such as Fe(II) in Fenton processes (Kochi, 1967;Guan et al, 2010;Chelliapan and Sallis, 2013;Remucal and Ginder-Vogel, 2014;Segura et al, 2015). Chemical removal of pharmaceuticals in water treatment occurs through chemical oxidation via oxidizing agents (Fe(III), Fe(VI), Mn(IV), Mn(VII)), or chemical reduction via reducing agents like nZVI to degrade a compound or a group of compounds (Lee et al, 2009;Guan et al, 2010).…”

“…Chemical removal of pharmaceuticals in water treatment occurs through chemical oxidation via oxidizing agents (Fe(III), Fe(VI), Mn(IV), Mn(VII)), or chemical reduction via reducing agents like nZVI to degrade a compound or a group of compounds (Lee et al, 2009;Guan et al, 2010). In addition to conventional oxidation processes, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) including Fenton, photolysis, and ozonation are used to remove pharmaceuticals.…”

“…1B) (Gao et al, 2012;He et al, 2012;Meerburg et al, 2012;Remucal and Ginder-Vogel, 2014;Tu et al, 2014;Li et al, 2015a). Permanganate (MnO 4 ¡ ) can be used to remove pharmaceuticals and other micropollutants containing electron-rich moieties (Guan et al, 2010;Hendratna, 2011). One study found that ciprofloxacin, lincomycin, and trimethoprim are removed in a second-order reaction from drinking water by Mn (VII), with rate constants of 0.61, 1.6, 3.6 M ¡1 s…”

Removing Phenols from Post-Processing Wastewater Originating from Underground Coal Gasification Using Coagulation-Flocculation and the H2O2/UV Process

“…The removal of phenols from wastewater can be carried out by adsorption [11][12], extraction [13], reverse osmosis, and nanofiltration [14][15], perflation [16], and membrane distillation [17]. It is also possible to use chemical oxidation processes with ferrate(VI) and permanganate(VII) [18][19]. Wet air oxidation (WAO) and catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) processes are also used.…”