Japanese Encephalitis Surveillance and Immunization — Asia and Western Pacific Regions, 2016

Heffelfinger, James D.; Li, Xi; Nyambat, Batmunkh; Grabovac, Varja; Diorditsa, Sergey; Liyanage, Jayantha; Pattamadilok, Sirima; Bahl, Sunil; Vannice, Kirsten; Hyde, Terri B.; Chu, Susan Y.; Fox, Kimberley; Hills, Susan L.; Marfin, Anthony A.

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6622a3

Cited by 110 publications

(107 citation statements)

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“…JEV is the causative agent of Japanese encephalitis (JE), which is prevalent in most Asian countries and parts of the Western Pacific region, with two epidemiological models (epidemic or endemic) [5-6]. An estimated three billion people widely distributed in 24 countries live in areas with a risk of JEV transmission [7-8]. JE has a fatality rate of 20–30% and 30–50% of the survivors suffer irreversible neurological or psychiatric sequelae [9-10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotype 1 Japanese encephalitis virus predominates in nature in China

Shao

Fan

et al. 2019

Preprint

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29Introduction: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), in the genus Flavivirus, family 30 Flaviviridae, is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in the Asian-Pacific region. JEV 31 has a wide range of vector hosts, including mosquitoes, swine, and wading birds. Culex 32 species, especially Culex tritaeniorhynchus, are the main vectors for JEV transmission. 33JEV has been classified into five genotypes (G1-G5). JEV G1, G3, and G5 isolates 34 have been found in China. 35 Methods: More than 200,000 mosquitoes collected in 14 provinces in China from 2004 36 to 2016 were examined for JEV using a TaqMan real-time RT-PCR assay. The JEV 37 envelope (E) gene was sequenced from positive pools. The nucleic acid sequences were 38 analyzed and aligned using ClustalX ver. 2.0. Representative JEV envelope (E) gene 39 sequences were downloaded from GenBank and compared with the newly obtained JEV 40 sequences. MEGA 5.05 was used to generate a phylogenetic tree based on the JEV 41 sequences.42Results: More than 200,000 mosquitoes were divided into 3107 pools to test for JEV. 43Of the pools, 9.04% (281/3107) were positive. The JEV obtained from mosquitoes 44 included three genotypes (G1, G3, and G5). JEV G1 was detected from different 45 provinces during 2004-2016. G1 was the dominant genotype circulating in nature, 46 comprising 98.93% (278/281). JEV G3 was detected in Yunnan and Chongqing 47 Provinces before 2010; JEV G5 was detected only in Tibet. No pools were positive for 48 JEV G2 and G4. C. tritaeniorhynchus was the major mosquito species and the principal 49 vector for transmitting JEV in China. The results of the TaqMan real-time RT-PCR 50 assay and phylogenetic analysis consistently indicated that all 50 newly identified JEV 51 sequences belonged to JEV G1. 3 52 Conclusion: G1 is the main genotype of JEV circulating in nature in China. Some G3 53 and G5 were found, but no G2 or G4. 54 55 Author summary 56 Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a member of the genus Flavivirus, family 57 Flaviviridae and is the major pathogen agent of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in the 58 Asian-Pacific region. The fatality rate of JE is 20-30%. JEV consists of five genotypes 59 (G1-G5). The predominant genotype was G3 before the 20 th century. G1 and G3 60 co-circulated in China at the end of the 20 th and early 21 st century. JEV G1 is the 61 youngest genotype and has gradually been found in many areas worldwide. Using a 62 sensitive TaqMan real-time RT-PCR assay, this study examined 3107 pools of 63 mosquito. The main genotype of Japanese encephalitis virus in China was G1, with 64 some G3 and G5, but no G2 or G4. C. tritaeniorhynchus was the major mosquito 65 species and the principal vector for transmitting JEV in China. TaqMan real-time 66 RT-PCR assay and phylogenetic analysis consistently indicated that all 50 newly 67 identified JEV sequences belonged to JEV G1. 68 69 70

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotype 1 Japanese encephalitis virus predominates in nature in China

Shao

Fan

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…JEV causes epidemics throughout Asia and is transmitted by the mosquito Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Heffelfinger et al, 2017; Mansfield et al, 2017; Wang et al, 2015). Four types of JEV vaccine have been licensed in different regions of the world (CDC, 2016; Wang et al, 2015; WHO, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmid DNA launches live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis virus and elicits virus-neutralizing antibodies in BALB/c mice

et al. 2017

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We describe novel plasmid DNA that encodes the full-length Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genomic cDNA and launches live-attenuated JEV vaccine in vitro and in vivo. The synthetic cDNA based on the sequence of JEV SA14-14-2 live-attenuated virus was placed under transcriptional control of the cytomegalovirus major immediate-early promoter. The stability and yields of the plasmid in E. coli were optimized by inserting three synthetic introns that disrupted JEV cDNA in the structural and nonstructural genes. Transfection of Vero cells with the resulting plasmid resulted in the replication of JEV vaccine virus with intron sequences removed from viral RNA. Furthermore, a single-dose vaccination of BALB/c mice with 0.5 – 5 μg of plasmid resulted in successful seroconversion and elicitation of JEV virus-neutralizing serum antibodies. The results demonstrate the possibility of using DNA vaccination to launch live-attenuated JEV vaccine and support further development of DNA-launched live-attenuated vaccine for prevention of JEV infections.

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“…Though individuals of all the age groups are vulnerable to JEV infections, predominantly it affects children (less than 14 years of age) in endemic regions. Mainly, JEV infections remain asymptomatic in humans, but 1% of infections result in clinical disease with a fatality rate of 20-30%, further 30-50% of recovered individuals may undergo everlasting neuropsychiatric sequelae (Campbell et al, 2011;Sundari et al, 2016;Heffelfinger et al, 2017). JE is a notifiable disease as listed by World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) but its reporting is highly variable and incomplete due to lack of technology and observation in remote areas (Malhotra et al, 2015, More et al, 2017.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%