Japanese Encephalitis, Recent Perspectives on Virus Genome, Transmission, Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Prophylactic Interventions

Karthikeyan, A.; Shanmuganathan, S; Pavulraj, Selvaraj; Prabakar, G.; Pavithra, Selvaraj; Porteen, K.; Elaiyaraja, Govindaraj; Malik, Yashpal Singh

doi:10.18006/2017.5(6).730.748

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 134 publications

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“…Information and education on public to use bed-nets or insect-repellents as their personal protection measures along with implementation of a good sanitation may contribute to reduce contact with the mosquito vector. Similarly, housing the pigs indoor with anti-mosquito nets or screens especially during the peak of vector activity may minimize contact the mosquitoes to the animals [ 87 , 88 ]. Modification of rice paddy fields management for water and fertilizer usage and separating the paddy fields or preventing stagnant water around the pig farms are other strategies that may also limit contact between mosquitoes, pigs and humans.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Japanese encephalitis in Bali, Indonesia: ecological and socio-cultural perspectives

Kardena

Adi

Astawa

et al. 2021

International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine

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The increasing number of cases of acute encephalitis syndrome, a key presenting clinical sign of Japanese encephalitis infection in humans, along with increasing laboratory confirmed cases in Bali over recent years have led to the Indonesian government developing a national program of vaccination against Japanese encephalitis virus. In order to inform multidisciplinary management, a review was conducted to assess Japanese encephalitis virus-related cases in humans and animals including their determinants and detection in vectors. Along with published literature, key data from local authorized officers in Bali have been used to convey the recent situation of the disease. Related surveys detected up to 92% of the local children had antibodies against the virus with the annual incidence estimated to be 7.1 per 100,000 children. Additionally, reports on young and adult cases of infection within international travellers infected in Bali were documented with both non-fatal and fatal outcomes. Further seroprevalence surveys detected up to 90% with antibodies to the virus in animal reservoirs. The detection of the virus in certain Culex mosquito species and high levels of seropositivity may be associated with greater risk of the virus transmission to the human population. It was also highlighted that local sociocultural practices for agriculture and livestock were potentially associated with the high density of the vector and the reservoirs, which then may lead to the risk of the disease transmission in the ecology of Bali.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Japanese encephalitis in Bali, Indonesia: ecological and socio-cultural perspectives

Kardena

Adi

Astawa

et al. 2021

International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine

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“…The associated problem in immunization program is the expense, logistics and sustained supply wherein they are required most. Development of novel, safe and affordable JE vaccines is imperative to expedite the pursuit for an effective modality with higher safety levels, efficacy, shorter dosing schedules that will meet the needs of changing genotypes [ 65 ]. A recent addition of JENVAC; inactivated cell culture-based, vaccine developed from Indian strain has established to be non-inferior to other commercially available vaccines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Japanese Encephalitis: A Brief Review on Indian Perspectives

Kulkarni

Sapkal

Kaushal

et al. 2018

TOVJ

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Introduction:Japanese encephalitis (JE) is recently declared as a notifiable disease in India due to its expanding geographical distribution. The disease notification facilitates effective implementation of preventive measures and case management. Expalantion:JE is a vector-borne disease that can be prevented by vaccine administration. It is caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), belonging to family Flaviviridae. Amongst the known etiological viral encephalitis agents, it is one of the leading viral agents of acute encephalitis syndrome in many Asian countries where it is identified to cause substantial morbidity and mortality as well as disability. Globally, it is responsible for approximately 68,000 clinical cases every year.Conclusion:In the absence of antivirals, patients are given supportive treatment to relieve and stabilize. Amongst available control strategies; vector control is resource intensive while animal and human vaccination are the most effective tool against the disease. This review highlights recent progress focusing challenges with diagnosis and prophylactic interventions.

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“…Due to low levels of viremia and the fast development of neutralizing antibodies, RT-PCR is slightly tricky and depends mostly on the time blood/CSF specimens are taken. [15][16][17] Although controversial, the detection rate is often more accurate than that of IgM-capture ELISA for serum and CSF. 18,19 Therefore, both IgM-capture ELISA and RT-PCR were performed for the diagnosis of suspected cases from Gaya, Bihar.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Etiological Factors Causing Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) In Gaya Division, India

et al. 2019

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Background: From Gaya and adjoining regions, the trend in patients admitted with acute neurological illness was investigated. Illnesses were identified as sudden outbreaks of Japanese virus encephalitis (JE), Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSV1&2), and other acute encephalitis syndrome (AES). Objective: In the current study, an investigation was carried out to assess potential infectious pathogens in patients aged 16 years or younger who were admitted to Anugrah Narayan Magadh Memorial Medical College Hospital, Gaya, with encephalitis-like symptoms. Methods: Cross-epidemiological, serological, and molecular biological studies were performed on samples collected from 71 patients below 16 years of age. Patients’ clinical histories, i.e. fever, socio-demographic characteristics, and other clinical data, were extracted from patient files. Results: The results showed confirmed AES cases, including 49.30% JE and 7.04% HSV positive patients. A higher casefatality rate of 40% in JE and 40% HSV cases below 7 years of age were observed during treatment would become an unavoidable concern. The epidemical sex ratio was observed to be higher in girls than in boys (1.26:1). Conclusion: The results suggested that JE virus was found to be a main causative risk factor responsible for disease transmission in the outbreak area.

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Japanese Encephalitis, Recent Perspectives on Virus Genome, Transmission, Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Prophylactic Interventions

Cited by 9 publications

References 134 publications

Japanese encephalitis in Bali, Indonesia: ecological and socio-cultural perspectives

Japanese encephalitis in Bali, Indonesia: ecological and socio-cultural perspectives

Japanese Encephalitis: A Brief Review on Indian Perspectives

Viral Etiological Factors Causing Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) In Gaya Division, India

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