Japanese encephalitis: a review of the Indian perspective

Tiwari, Sarika; Singh, Rajender; Tiwari, Ruchi; Dhole, Tapan N.

doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2012.10.004

Cited by 111 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…JEV and West Nile virus (WNV) are two of the most important members of the JEV serocomplex that have emerged into new geographic ranges in the past years (2,3). JEV occurs in East, South, and Southeast Asia, where DENV is also commonly distributed, but it has spread from the Indonesian archipelago to Papua New Guinea and the Torres Strait islands of northern Australia, and to new areas in western India and Pakistan (4).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of an Algorithm Using prM/E- and NS1-Specific IgM Antibody-Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays in Diagnosis of Japanese Encephalitis Virus and West Nile Virus Infections in Humans

et al. 2016

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The front-line assay for the presumptive serodiagnosis of acute Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) infections is the premembrane/envelope (prM/E)-specific IgM antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAC-ELISA). Due to antibody cross-reactivity, MAC-ELISA-positive samples may be confirmed with a time-consuming plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). In the present study, we applied a previously developed anti-nonstructural protein 1 (NS1)-specific MAC-ELISA (NS1-MAC-ELISA) on archived acute-phase serum specimens from patients with confirmed JEV and WNV infections and compared the results with prM/E containing virus-like particle-specific MAC-ELISA (VLP-MAC-ELISA). Pairedreceiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses revealed no statistical differences in the overall assay performances of the VLP-and NS1-MAC-ELISAs. The two methods had high sensitivities of 100% but slightly lower specificities that ranged between 80% and 100%. When the NS1-MAC-ELISA was used to confirm positive results in the VLP-MAC-ELISA, the specificity of serodiagnosis, especially for JEV infection, was increased to 90% when applied in areas where JEV cocirculates with WNV, or to 100% when applied in areas that were endemic for JEV. The results also showed that using multiple antigens could resolve the cross-reactivity in the assays. Significantly higher positive-to-negative (P/N) values were consistently obtained with the homologous antigens than those with the heterologous antigens. JEV or WNV was reliably identified as the currently infecting flavivirus by a higher ratio of JEV-to-WNV P/N values or vice versa. In summary of the above-described results, the diagnostic algorithm combining the use of multiantigen VLP-and NS1-MAC-ELISAs was developed and can be practically applied to obtain a more specific and reliable result for the serodiagnosis of JEV and WNV infections without the need for PRNT. The developed algorithm should provide great utility in diagnostic and surveillance activities in which test accuracy is of utmost importance for effective disease intervention. Mosquito-borne flaviviruses in the family Flaviviridae are responsible for a number of globally significant diseases and are serologically divided into several complexes, including the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), dengue virus (DENV), and yellow fever virus (YFV) serocomplexes (1). JEV and West Nile virus (WNV) are two of the most important members of the JEV serocomplex that have emerged into new geographic ranges in the past years (2, 3). JEV occurs in East, South, and Southeast Asia, where DENV is also commonly distributed, but it has spread from the Indonesian archipelago to Papua New Guinea and the Torres Strait islands of northern Australia, and to new areas in western India and Pakistan (4). WNV is originally endemic in parts of Africa, Europe, the Middle East, West Asia, India, and Australia; it then unexpectedly emerged in New York City in 1999 and rapidly expanded over North America to Central America and fin...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of an Algorithm Using prM/E- and NS1-Specific IgM Antibody-Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays in Diagnosis of Japanese Encephalitis Virus and West Nile Virus Infections in Humans

et al. 2016

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“…Reduction in iron levels in serum was observed as a regular finding in microbial incursion in JE infection (Singh et al, 2012a). Histopathological changes commonly occur in grey matter and lesions include meningitis, perivascular cuffing with lymphocytes, neuronophagia, neuronal degeneration and formation glial nodules by microglial proliferations (Tiwari et al, 2012).…”

Section: Clinical Features In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…JEV is mainly spread by blood-sucking arthropod vectors in which virus multiplies in host tissues without evidence of disease or damage. C. tritaeniorhynchus is the main vector involved in the transmission of JEV in Asian continent whereas, in Northern Australia, C. annulirostris is the most important vector (Tiwari et al, 2012). C. vishnui complex (C. tritaeniorhynchus, C. vishnui and C. pseudovishnui) act as a principal vector of JEV which breeds in water bodies with luxuriant vegetation i.e.…”

Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…JE infection is difficult to confirm based on clinical signs, and possible differential diagnosis includes cerebral malaria, Reye's syndrome and meningococcal infection in epidemic regions; whereas in non-epidemic areas, incompletely treated bacterial meningitis, tuberculous or fungal meningitis, para-meningeal infections or parasitic infections (toxoplasmosis and trichinosis), post-infectious encephalomyelitis, active demyelinating disease and other viral meningitis (Tiwari et al, 2012).…”

Section: Differential Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several cell lines including primary chicken, duck embryo cells, and lines of LLCMK2, Vero, AP61 and C6/36 cells are continuously used (Tiwari et al, 2012;Minakshi et al, 2014). However, virus isolation techniques are time-consuming and require a tedious procedure that demands more than a week for completion.…”

Section: Antigen Detection Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Japanese Encephalitis, Recent Perspectives on Virus Genome, Transmission, Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Prophylactic Interventions

Karthikeyan¹,

Shanmuganathan²,

Pavulraj³

et al. 2017

JEBAS

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SARS‐CoV‐2 infection inIndiabucks the trend: Trained innate immunity?

Chinnaswamy

2020

American J Hum Biol

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SARS‐CoV‐2, the causative agent of COVID‐19 pandemic caught the world unawares by its sudden onset in early 2020. Memories of the 1918 Spanish Flu were rekindled raising extreme fear for the virus, but in essence, it was the host and not the virus, which was deciding the outcome of the infection. Age, gender, and preexisting conditions played critical roles in shaping COVID‐19 outcome. People of lower socioeconomic strata were disproportionately affected in industrialized countries such as the United States. India, a developing country with more than 1.3 billion population, a large proportion of it being underprivileged and with substandard public health provider infrastructure, feared for the worst outcome given the sheer size and density of its population. Six months into the pandemic, a comparison of COVID‐19 morbidity and mortality data between India, the United States, and several European countries, reveal interesting trends. While most developed countries show curves expected for a fast‐spreading respiratory virus, India seems to have a slower trajectory. As a consequence, India may have gained on two fronts: the spread of the infection is unusually prolonged, thus leading to a curve that is “naturally flattened”; concomitantly the mortality rate, which is a reflection of the severity of the disease has been relatively low. I hypothesize that trained innate immunity, a new concept in immunology, may be the phenomenon behind this. Biocultural, socioecological, and socioeconomic determinants seem to be influencing the outcome of COVID‐19 in different regions/countries of the world.

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Japanese encephalitis: a review of the Indian perspective

Cited by 111 publications

References 53 publications

Establishment of an Algorithm Using prM/E- and NS1-Specific IgM Antibody-Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays in Diagnosis of Japanese Encephalitis Virus and West Nile Virus Infections in Humans

Establishment of an Algorithm Using prM/E- and NS1-Specific IgM Antibody-Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays in Diagnosis of Japanese Encephalitis Virus and West Nile Virus Infections in Humans

Japanese Encephalitis, Recent Perspectives on Virus Genome, Transmission, Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Prophylactic Interventions

SARS‐CoV‐2 infection inIndiabucks the trend: Trained innate immunity?

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