“…In the social background of both decreased birth rate and aging population, Japanese intergenerational programs have paid specific attention to promote intergenerational contact within households and communities (Kusano, 2011;Yajima, Kaplan, Kuraoka, & Kusano, 2009). For example, for several decades, intergenerational programs for health promotion and social participation of the elderly have been encouraged by the Ministry of Health; furthermore, intergenerational programs as part of childrearing policies have also been adopted by the Ministry of Education (Fujiwara et al, 2007;Murayama et al, 2012;Saito, Yajima, Kusano, & Kaplan, 2009).…”