“…As a further note, most published studies on lesbian, gay, and heterosexual parent families through assisted reproduction were conducted prior to COVID-19 (for exceptions, see, e.g., Cruciani et al, 2024; Shenkman, Bos, et al, 2023; Shenkman, Carone, et al, 2023). Although these family forms have been shown to demonstrate resilience in the face of adversity (e.g., stigma) (Bos & Gartrell, 2020; Farr et al, 2022; Golombok, 2015), the demands of the COVID-19 pandemic and pandemic-related measures seem to have exceeded the capabilities and available resources of all families (Carone et al, 2021; Monaco, 2022; Weeland et al, 2021). In this vein, very little is known about how lesbian, gay, and heterosexual parent families through assisted reproduction coped during this difficult period.…”