It shouldn’t happen to a dog … or a veterinarian: clinical paradigms for canine vector-borne diseases

Irwin, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.pt.2013.12.001

Cited by 27 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 74 publications

(75 reference statements)

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“…A proportion of these dogs can succumb to very high tick loads and the associated polymicrobial canine vector‐mediated diseases, viz. anaplasmosis, babesiosis and haemotropic mycoplasmas, often acting in concert (Brown et al., , ; Hii et al., , , ; Barker et al., ; Irwin, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii in Australian dogs

Shapiro

Norris

Heller

et al. 2016

Zoonoses and Public Health

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The role of dogs in the transmission of Coxiella burnetii to humans is uncertain, and extensive seroprevalence studies of dogs have not been previously conducted in Australia. This study determined C. burnetii exposure in four diverse canine subpopulations by adapting, verifying and comparing an indirect immunofluoresence assay (IFA) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) used to detect anti-C. burnetii antibodies in humans. Canine serum samples (n = 1223) were tested with IFA from four subpopulations [breeding establishments; household pets; free-roaming dogs in Aboriginal communities; shelter dogs]. The proportions of seropositive dogs were as follows: breeding (7/309, 2.3%), household pets (10/328, 3%), Aboriginal communities (21/321, 6.5%) and shelters (5/265, 1.9%). Dogs from Aboriginal communities were 2.8 times (CI 1.5-5.1; P < 0.001) more likely to be seropositive than dogs from other populations. The ELISA was used on 86 of 1223 sera tested with IFA, and a Cohen's Kappa coefficient of 0.60 (CI 0.43-0.78) indicated good agreement between the two assays. This study has established that Australian dogs within all four subpopulations have been exposed to C. burnetii and that a higher seroprevalence was observed amongst free-roaming dogs associated with Aboriginal communities. As C. burnetii recrudesces during pregnancy and birth products contain the highest concentration of organism, individuals assisting at the time of parturition, those handling pups shortly after birth as well as those residing in the vicinity of whelping dogs are potentially at risk of developing Q fever. However, the identification of active antigen shed in excreta from seropositive dogs is required in order to accurately define and quantify the public health risk.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii in Australian dogs

Shapiro

Norris

Heller

et al. 2016

Zoonoses and Public Health

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“…or Anaplasma spp. infection are still underdiagnosed and that affected animals could be coinfected with Leishmania infantum [68]. Greece provided the higher number of coinfections with canine ehrlichiosis and dirofilariosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Management of canine leishmaniosis in endemic SW European regions: a questionnaire-based multinational survey

et al. 2014

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BackgroundCanine leishmaniosis (CanL) caused by Leishmania infantum is a widespread endemic disease in SW Europe. This study was designed to determine how veterinarians clinically manage CanL in this region by analysing information collected in a questionnaire completed by local veterinarians working in clinics in France, Portugal, Greece, Spain, Italy and Slovenia.MethodsOver the period 2004–2011, a questionnaire on CanL was sent to 12,546 small animal clinics located in the six countries surveyed. The questionnaire with 10 items comprising open and closed questions sought to obtain comparable data regarding the main clinical manifestations of CanL, the diagnostic methods used, the treatment regimens selected, recommended preventive measures and awareness of the important public health implications of CanL.ResultsThe data collected reflect similarities in the clinical manifestations reported although there was some variation in the concurrent diseases described, and wide variation in the clinical management of CanL among the countries examined in terms of dosing regimens, therapeutic agents and the criteria used to diagnose CanL. Most veterinarians properly informed dog owners about the preventive measures available and about the zoonotic implications of CanL.ConclusionsThis survey describes the current situation in SW endemic countries in Europe regarding the clinical management of CanL. The data collected reveal a need to unify criteria from evidence-based medicine to determine and similarly apply the best diagnostic and treatment methods available for this disease in the different countries.

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“…Due to increasing pet ownership, more owners travelling with their pets and the ability of vector arthropods to establish themselves in new localities [6], ticks and tick-borne diseases are spreading throughout the world and are no longer restricted to certain areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention of transmission of Babesia canis by Dermacentor reticulatus ticks to dogs treated orally with fluralaner chewable tablets (Bravecto™)

et al. 2015

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BackgroundThe preventive effect of fluralaner chewable tablets (Bravecto™) against transmission of Babesia canis by Dermacentor reticulatus ticks was evaluated.MethodsSixteen dogs, tested negative for B. canis by PCR and IFAT, were allocated to two study groups. On day 0, dogs in one group (n = 8) were treated once orally with a fluralaner chewable tablet according to label recommendations and dogs in the control group (n = 8) remained untreated. On days 2, 28, 56, 70 and 84, dogs were infested with 50 (±4) B. canis infected D. reticulatus ticks with tick in situ thumb counts 48 ± 4 h post-infestation. Prior to each infestation, the D. reticulatus ticks were confirmed to harbour B. canis by PCR analysis. On day 90, ticks were counted and removed from all dogs. Efficacy against ticks was calculated for each assessment time point. After treatment, all dogs were physically examined in conjunction with blood collection for PCR every 7 days, blood samples for IFAT were collected every 14 days and the dog’s rectal body temperature was measured thrice weekly. From dogs displaying symptoms of babesiosis or were PCR positive, a blood smear was taken, and, if positive, dogs were rescue treated and replaced with a replacement dog. The preventive effect was evaluated by comparing infected dogs in the treated group with infected dogs in the untreated control group.ResultsAll control dogs became infected with B. canis, as confirmed by PCR and IFAT. None of the 8 treated dogs became infected with B. canis, as IFAT and PCR were negative throughout the study until day 112. Fluralaner chewable tablet was 100 % effective against ticks on days 4, 30, 58, and 90 and an efficacy of 99.6 % and 99.2 % was achieved on day 72 and day 86 after treatment, respectively. Over the 12-week study duration, a 100 % preventive effect against B. canis transmission was demonstrated.ConclusionsA single oral administration of fluralaner chewable tablets effectively prevented the transmission of B. canis by infected D. reticulatus ticks over a 12-week period.

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It shouldn’t happen to a dog … or a veterinarian: clinical paradigms for canine vector-borne diseases

Cited by 27 publications

References 74 publications

Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii in Australian dogs

Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii in Australian dogs

Management of canine leishmaniosis in endemic SW European regions: a questionnaire-based multinational survey

Prevention of transmission of Babesia canis by Dermacentor reticulatus ticks to dogs treated orally with fluralaner chewable tablets (Bravecto™)

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