Isotopic composition and major ion concentrations of national and international bottled waters in Costa Rica

Abstract

Global bottled water consumption has largely increased (14.35 billion gallons in 2020) [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] , [5] during the last decade since consumers are demanding healthier and safer forms of rehydration. Bottled water sources are normally labeled as mountainous and pristine mineral springs (fed by rainfall and snow/glacier melting processes), deep groundwater wells or industrial purified water. The advent of numerous international and national-based bottled water brands has simultaneously raised a worldwide awareness related to the water source and chemical content traceability [6] . Here, we present the first database of stable isotope compositions and reported chemical concentrations from imported and national-based bottled waters in Costa Rica. In total, 45 bottled waters produced in Costa Rica and 31 imported from USA, Europe, Oceania, and other countries of Central America were analyzed for δ 18 O, δ 2 H, and d -excess. Chemical compositions were obtained from available bottle labels. National-based bottle waters ranged from -2.47‰ to -10.65‰ in δ 18 O and from -10.4‰ to -78.0‰ in δ 2 H, while d -excess varied from +4.2‰ up to +17.0‰. International bottle waters ranged between -2.21‰ and -11.03‰ in δ 18 O and from -11.3‰ up to -76.0‰ in δ 2 H, while d -excess varied from +5.0‰ up to +19.1‰. In Costa Rica, only 19% of the brands reported chemical parameters such as Na + , K + , Ca +2 , Mg +2 , F − , Cl − , NO 3 − , SO 4 −2 , CO 3 −2 , SiO 2 , dry residue, and pH; whereas 27% of the international products reported similar parameters. The absence of specific geographic coordinates or water source origin limited a spatial analysis to validate bottled water isotope compositions versus available isoscapes in Costa Rica [7] . This database highlights the potential and relevance of the use of water stable isotope compositions to improve the traceability of bottled water sources and the urgent need of more robust legislation in order to provide detailed information (i.e., water source, chemical composition, purification processes) to the final consumers.

Emerging Role of Deuterium/Protium Disbalance in Cell Cycle and Apoptosis

“…The average range of deuterium concentrations in drinking water was determined after evaluation of the isotopic composition of bottled and packaged samples of water from around the world by scientific groups from different countries. Its value is approximately 130 to 160 ppm and depends on the geographical region [ 10 , 11 , 12 ]. It should be noted that fluctuations in the isotopic composition of water in the human organism can have a wider range due to the consumption of both surface water and water from other sources (artesian, glacial, mineral springs) and dietary preferences, such as the predominant intake of lipid-based nutrients.…”