Isorhamnetin: A Nematocidal Flavonoid from Prosopis laevigata Leaves Against Haemonchus contortus Eggs and Larvae

Abstract

Haemonchus contortus affect small ruminants all over the world. Anthelmintics cause resistance, contamination, and a risk of public health. Prosopis laevigata is a plant used as a home remedy against many diseases in Mexico. This study arose from a preliminary study where a P. laevigata hydroalcoholic extract (Pl-hae) showed anthelmintic activity (aa) against H. contortus. Searching for bioactive compounds (bac) with high aa, the Pl-hae was fractioned obtaining an aqueous (Aq-F) and an ethyl acetate fraction (EtAc-F), and a flavonoid with aa identified as isorhamnetin was obtained from EtAc-F. Both fractions were in vitro assessed by the egg hatch test (eht) and larval mortality (lm) assays. The bac obtained from EtAc-F were characterised by NMR analysis. The highest aa were recorded with EtAc-F, resulting in 100% eht and 80.45% lm at 0.75 and 30 mg/mL, respectively. Alterations in eggs and larvae attributed to isorhamnetin were recorded by environmental scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning and by high-resolution digital-coupled camera. This flavonoid caused 100% eht at 0.07 mg/mL after 48 h and 100% lm at 7.5 mg/mL after 72 h exposure. Isorhamnetin has promising potential as an anthelmintic against sheep haemonchosis.

Effect of Artemisia absinthium and Malva sylvestris on Antioxidant Parameters and Abomasal Histopathology in Lambs Experimentally Infected with Haemonchus contortus

“…More complex studies are probably necessary before excluding the direct anthelminthic properties of these plants in vivo [19] because the complexity of the physiology of the gastrointestinal system of ruminants makes it particularly difficult to evaluate the potential efficacy of the same plant when administered fresh after the harvest or after its drying. In addition, promising results are also shown by exploring the potential anthelmintic effect of fractions of bioactive compounds from extracts of some plants (e.g., Acacia cochliacantha, A. farnesiana, Prosopis laevigata) in vitro or in vivo [16][17][18].…”

“…Some secondary metabolites of plants have direct anthelmintic activity against GINs [13][14][15]. Several studies are currently dealing with bioactive compounds with the anthelmintic activity of organic fractions obtained from plant extracts used as natural anthelmintics against H. contortus eggs and infective larvae [16][17][18]. However, the use of whole plants as dietary supplements in feeds can lead to different results.…”

Antixenosis in Glycine max (L.) Merr against Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)

“…Rutin is generally considered as associated with plant resistance against herbivores 66 . High concentration of rutin was found in soybean cultivars resistant to P. guildinii and A. gemmatalis 55,61 and in cassava cultivars resistant to P. manihoti 63 . Rutin is toxic to the woolly apple aphid Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) 67 .…”

“…against Aphis fabae (Scop.) and has promising potential as an anthelmintic against Haemonchus contortus (Rudolphi, 1803) Cobb (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) [62][63] . In our study, isorhamnetin was found in the relatively acceptable cultivar 'Augusta'.…”

“…Ferr. (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae) on cassava Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae) 55,63 . The level of kaempferol in broccoli did not change due to herbivory of B. brassicae and M. persicae 64 and did not correlate with the number of A. pisum colonizing P. sativum seedlings 65 .…”