Isometric force production symmetry and jumping performance in collegiate athletes

Bailey, C. A.; Sato, Kimitake; Alexander, Ryan P.; Chiang, Chieh-Ying; Stone, Michael H.

doi:10.17338/trainology.2.1_1

Cited by 63 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…Yoshioka et al (2010) examined the effect of 10% bilateral asymmetries of the muscle strength on countermovement jump performance by computer simulation and found only 0.7% difference in jump height. The experimental results of Bailey et al (2013) indicate that force production asymmetry is negatively related to the bilateral vertical jumping performance and unlike the simulation study, in the real conditions the weaker leg may not be adequately compensated by the stronger leg.…”

Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 60%

Sprint cycling performance and asymmetry

Rannama

Port

Bazanov

et al. 2015

jhse

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Rannama, I., Port, K., Bazanov, B., & Pedak, K. (2015). Sprint cycling performance and asymmetry. J. Hum. Sport Exerc., 9(Proc1), pp.S247-S258. The purpose of this study was to examine the asymmetries in cyclist's lower limbs strength and in the pedalling kinematics during a seated sprinting test and to identify the relationships between asymmetries and maximal cycling power. 16 competitive road cyclists (20.6±3.7 yrs., 181.5±5.0 cm, 74.8±7.0 kg) performed 10 Sec isokinetic maximum power test with cadence 120 RPM. The asymmetry of kinematic patterns of cyclist's upper and lower body during pedalling was registered. Separately isokinetic peak torque (PT) of main lover limbs joint were measured at angular speeds 60, 180 and 240 /s. The differences in kinematic patterns and isokinetic PT values between two limbs were analysed for descriptive and inferential statistics (relative share in %, correlations and regression between asymmetry values and cycling power). Conclusion: The highest asymmetries were found in cyclist's upper body kinematics and at the same time the most symmetrical were knee extensors strength values, but both parameters were negatively and significantly correlated with the performance of sprint cycling. By combining the leg extensors muscular strength with asymmetry of knee extensors strength and trunk kinematics the explanatory power of multiple regressions increased markedly from 0.68 to 0.92.

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Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 60%

Sprint cycling performance and asymmetry

Rannama

Port

Bazanov

et al. 2015

jhse

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“…Between-group analyses also indicated a 'large' and significant difference between median-split fast and slow performers. Whilst previous investigations have associated asymmetries in force-related parameters with impaired athletic performance (Bailey et al, 2013;Bailey et al, 2015;Bazyler et al, 2014;Bell et al, 2014;Hart, Nimphius, et al, 2014), the relationship between asymmetry and CODS is not clear. Two investigations have noted reductions in CODS performance where an eccentric strength asymmetry is apparent (Chaouachi et al, 2012;Lockie et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…It has since been observed that the expression of vertical stiffness and associated asymmetries is highly task dependant (Maloney, Fletcher, & Richards, 2015). As a change of direction may be characterised as acyclic, ballistic and unilateral in nature, the unilateral drop jump is likely to demonstrate the greatest correspondence to CODS and may therefore carry greater validity as an assessment for vertical stiffness Several investigations have reported that asymmetries in force/power qualities may be detrimental to athletic performance (Bailey, Sato, Alexander, Chiang, & Stone, 2013;Bailey, Sato, Burnett, & Stone, 2015;Bazyler, Bailey, Chiang, Sato, & Stone, 2014;Bell, Sanfilippo, Binkley, & Heiderscheit, 2014;Hart, Nimphius, Spiteri, & Newton, 2014), however, this relationship is not clear in regards to CODS. Whilst eccentric strength asymmetry has been linked to impaired CODS in some investigations (Chaouachi et al, 2012;Lockie, Shultz, Jeffriess, & Callaghan, 2012), Lockie et al (2014) reported that athletes with 'typical' asymmetries in unilateral jump performance (vertical jump: ∼10%; horizontal jump: ∼3%; lateral jump: ∼5%) did not experience speed detriments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do stiffness and asymmetries predict change of direction performance?

Maloney

Richards

Nixon

et al. 2016

Journal of Sports Sciences

150

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Change of direction speed (CODS) underpins performance in a wide range of sports but little is known about how stiffness and asymmetries affect CODS. Eighteen healthy males performed unilateral drop jumps to determine vertical, ankle, knee and hip stiffness, and a CODS test to evaluate left and right leg cutting performance during which ground reaction force data were sampled. A step-wise regression analysis was performed to ascertain the determinants of CODS time. A two-variable regression model explained 63% (R 2 = 0.63; P = 0.001) of CODS performance. The model included the mean vertical stiffness and jump height asymmetry determined during the drop jump. Faster athletes (n = 9) exhibited greater vertical stiffness (F = 12.40; P = 0.001) and less asymmetry in drop jump height (F = 6.02; P = 0.026) than slower athletes (n = 9); effect sizes were both 'large' in magnitude. Results suggest that overall vertical stiffness and drop jump height asymmetry are the strongest predictors of CODS in a healthy, non-athletic population.

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“…Their results showed that the stronger limb of the asymmetrical model would make up the difference in the weaker limb and jump height would not be affected as a result. Bailey et al 5 reported different findings in a study measuring symmetry of an isometric mid-thigh pull. Their findings indicate a negative relationship exists between isometric peak force symmetry and both jump height and peak power during counter movement and static jumps.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…1,2 Specifically, the relationships between force production symmetry, injury, and performance seem to be a common interest. [3][4][5] The lack of ability to produce symmetrical movement patterns and the inability to produce force symmetrically have been indicated as risk factors for injury, but currently there remains some doubt due to a lack of direct evidence to support this claim. 6,7 The role symmetry plays on performance has not been researched as extensively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of strength training on isometric force production symmetry in recreationally trained males

Bazyler¹,

Bailey²,

Chiang³

et al. 2014

Journal of Trainology

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Objectives:The purpose of this investigation was to determine what effect a bilateral strength training regimen has on isometric force production symmetry and if changes in force production symmetry can be accounted for by differences in pre-intervention strength levels. Design: Sixteen recreationally trained males (1-RM squat: 146.8 ± 23.0 kg.) were assigned to two groups for the 7-week training intervention: strong (S) and weak (W) based on pre-training squat isometric peak force allometrically scaled (IPFa) at 120° knee angle. Methods: Subjects completed a 7-week training intervention following a block-periodized model and were tested on measures of dynamic (1RM squat) and isometric (isometric squat at 90° and 120° knee angle) strength pre-and post-intervention. The degree of bilateral lower limb asymmetry was calculated as a percentage where 0% symmetry index (SI) indicates perfect symmetry on the isometric squat. Results: ANCOVA results showed no statistical difference between groups for all dependent variables when pre-intervention IPFa 120° scores were used as the covariate. Paired t-tests results showed both groups statistically improved 1RM squat and IPFa 120° (p < 0.05). IPFa 120° SI decreased statistically from pre-training in the W group (p = 0.03). Independent t-test results showed the W group had statistically larger pre-intervention SI scores for IPFa 90° (p = 0.045) and IPFa 120° (p = 0.007); however this difference was no longer present following strength training. There was a strong inverse relationship between pooled IPFa 120° and IPFa 120° SI (r = -0.64, p = 0.004). Conclusions:The findings of the current study support the notion that weaker individuals can augment lower limb symmetry with strength training. The same does not seem to be true for stronger individuals who already have a low symmetry index score. These findings indicate that strength training improves force production symmetry in relatively weak males, which may be important for bilateral tasks and injury potential reduction.(Journal of Trainology 2014;3:6-10)

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Isometric force production symmetry and jumping performance in collegiate athletes

Cited by 63 publications

References 19 publications

Sprint cycling performance and asymmetry

Sprint cycling performance and asymmetry

Do stiffness and asymmetries predict change of direction performance?

The effects of strength training on isometric force production symmetry in recreationally trained males

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