Isolation of the North American strain of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) associated with epizootic mortality in two new host species of Alaskan marine fish

Meyers, Theodore R.; Short, S.; Lipson, Kenneth E.

doi:10.3354/dao038081

Cited by 106 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Genotype IV is delineated into 3 distinct phylogenetic subtypes (IVa, IVb, and IVc) which also demonstrate host and geographic distinction. Subtype IVa occurs among marine and anadromous fishes from western North America and Asia, where it can be highly virulent (Kocan et al 1997) and occasionally causes disease epizootics in free-ranging and confined fishes including Pacific herring Clupea pallasii, Pacific hake Theragra chalcogramma, Pacific sardine Sardinops sagax, and Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Meyers et al 1999, Isshiki et al 2001, reviewed by He drick et al 2003. Among salmonids, genotype IVa periodically causes low-level mortality in cultured Atlantic salmon Salmo salar from marine netpens in British Columbia (Canada) and Washington (USA) and demonstrates low virulence to Pacific salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) genotypes Ia, IVa, IVb, and IVc in five fish species

Emmenegger¹,

Moon²,

Hershberger³

et al. 2013

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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The susceptibility of yellow perch Perca flavescens, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha, koi Cyprinus carpio koi, and Pacific herring Clupea pallasii to 4 strains of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) was assessed. Fish were challenged via intraperitoneal injection with high (1 × 10 6 plaque-forming units, PFU) and low (1 × 10 3 PFU) doses of a European strain (genotype Ia), and North American strains from the West coast (genotype IVa), Great Lakes (genotype IVb), and the East coast (genotype IVc). Pacific herring were exposed to the same VHSV strains, but at a single dose of 5 × 10 3 PFU ml −1 by immersion in static seawater. Overall, yellow perch were the most susceptible, with cumulative percent mortality (CPM) ranging from 84 to 100%, and 30 to 93% in fish injected with high or low doses of virus, respectively. Rainbow trout and Chinook salmon experienced higher mortalities (47 to 98% CPM) after exposure to strain Ia than to the other virus genotypes. Pacific herring were most susceptible to strain IVa with an average CPM of 80% and moderately susceptible (42 to 52% CPM) to the other genotypes. Koi had very low susceptibility (≤5.0% CPM) to all 4 VHSV strains. Fish tested at 7 d post challenge were positive for all virus strains, with yellow perch having the highest prevalence and concentrations of virus, and koi the lowest. While genotype Ia had higher virulence in salmonid species, there was little difference in virulence or host-specificity between isolates from subtypes IVa, IVb, and IVc.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) genotypes Ia, IVa, IVb, and IVc in five fish species

Emmenegger¹,

Moon²,

Hershberger³

et al. 2013

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…In contrast, mass mortalities of herring have been observed during epizootics (Tibbo and Graham 1963;Patterson 1996;Meyers et al 1999) and an industrial spill of elemental phosphorus (Winters et al 1986). However, even with the massive boat traffic throughout PWS during the 1989 and 1990 cleanupand with scientists specifically looking for fish killsno herring (or other fish) kills were observed.…”

Section: Oil Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Hypotheses concerning the decline and poor recovery of Pacific herring in Prince William Sound, Alaska

Pearson¹,

Deriso

Elston³

et al. 2011

Rev Fish Biol Fisheries

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This paper updates previous reviews of the 1993 stock decline of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) in Prince William Sound, Alaska, and focuses on hypotheses about subsequent poor recovery. Recent age structured assessment modeling with covariate analysis indicates that the population dynamics of the sound's herring are influenced by oceanic factors, nutrition, and, most substantially, hatchery releases of juvenile pink salmon. For the 1993 decline, poor nutrition remains the most probable cause with disease a secondary response. Concerning poor recovery, we examined 16 potential factors and found three to be causal: oceanic factors, poor nutrition, and hatchery releases of juvenile pink salmon. Absences of strong year classes at both Sitka and Prince William Sound after 1993 indicate the action of large-scale ocean processes. Beyond regional-scale environmental factors, two factors specific to the sound influence the population dynamics of herring and are likely impeding recovery. First, pink salmon fry releases have increased to about 600 million annually and may disrupt feeding in young herring, which require adequate nutrition for growth and overwintering survival. Juvenile pink salmon and age-1 herring co-occur in nearshore areas of bays in late spring and summer, and available data on dietary overlap indicates potential competition between the age-1 juvenile herring and juvenile pink salmon. Field studies demonstrate that juvenile herring reduce food intake substantially in the presence of juvenile pink salmon. Second, overwintering humpback whales may consume potentially large amounts of adult herring, but further studies must confirm to what extent whale predation reduces herring biomass.

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“…Due to its ability to cause severe disease in wild and cultured fish, VHSV is a notifiable disease to the World Organisation of Animal Health (OIE 2017). In North America, high mortalities have also been reported in several wild fish species infected with VHSV genotype IV (Meyers et al 1999, Hedrick et al 2003, Groocock et al 2007, Lumsden et al 2007, Garver et al 2013.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV Id) infections are detected more consistently using syndromic vs. active surveillance

Vennerström

Välimäki²,

Lyytikäinen³

et al. 2017

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Isolation of the North American strain of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) associated with epizootic mortality in two new host species of Alaskan marine fish

Cited by 106 publications

References 11 publications

Virulence of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) genotypes Ia, IVa, IVb, and IVc in five fish species

Virulence of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) genotypes Ia, IVa, IVb, and IVc in five fish species

Hypotheses concerning the decline and poor recovery of Pacific herring in Prince William Sound, Alaska

Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV Id) infections are detected more consistently using syndromic vs. active surveillance

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