Isolation of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis in Blue-Fronted Amazon Parrot (Amazona aestiva)

Abstract

Avian salmonellosis is a disease caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella that can cause three distinct diseases in birds: pullorum diseases, fowl typhoid, and paratyphoid infection. Various wildlife species are susceptible to infections by Salmonella, regardless of whether they live in captivity or freely in the wild. The present study verified the presence of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in three captive specimens of Amazona aestiva. The study involved a total of 103 birds undergoing rehabilitation to prepare for living in the wild, after having been captured from animal traffickers and delivered to the Centrofauna Project of the Floravida Institute in Sao Paulo, Brazil. This is the first report of Salmonella Enteritidis isolation in A. aestiva that originated from capture associated with animal trafficking; Salmonella was detected during the study by the serologic method of rapid serum agglutination on a plate with bacterial isolate. The antimicrobial profile exam of the isolated samples demonstrated sensitivity to ampicillin, cefaclor, ciprofloxacin, and cloranfenicol. The three samples also presented resistance to more than four antibiotics. The presence of the genes invA and spvC was verified by PCR technique and was associated with virulence and absence of class 1 integron, a gene related to antimicrobial resistance. The commercial antigen for pullorum disease was shown to be a useful tool for rapid detection in the screening of Salmonella of serogroup D1 in Psittaciformes. New studies on Salmonella carriage in birds involved in trafficking must be performed to better understand their participation in the epidemiologic cycle of salmonellosis in humans and other animals.

Survey on pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in captive cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus)

“…At the same time, previous studies show a low prevalence of Salmonella spp. in wild birds, and most of the reports are related to the illegal wildlife traded 7, 29. In this study, Salmonella spp.…”

“…in wild birds, and most of the reports are related to the illegal wildlife traded. 7 , 29 In this study, Salmonella spp. was not detected in birds from pet shop, private residences or commercial breeders.…”

“…Infected domestic chickens are considered the most common source of human salmonellosis; contaminated chicken meat and eggs are one of the main causes of food poisoning worldwide 6 . Furthermore, wild and exotic avian species are also considered Salmonella reservoirs 7 …”

An assessment of avian species sold in the South African pet trade

“… Note : The superscript numbers in the table represent references where the information reported herein was sourced (citations are included below the table, where the full references are provided in the reference section of the document). Information for observed birds was obtained from Symes (2014) and SABAP 2 (2020)[References]: 1 Dubois (2007), 2 Mwangomo et al (2008), 3 Derong et al (2001), 4 Symes (2014), 5 Hockey et al (2015), 6 Ndithia et al (2007), 7 Marietto‐Gonçalves et al (2010), 8 Ragusa‐Netto and Fecchio (2006), 9 Seixas and de Miranda Mourão (2002), 10 Runde et al (2007), 11 Benavidez et al (2018), 12 Enkerlin‐Hoeflich (1996), 13 Tubelis (2009), 14 Brightsmith and Bravo (2006), 15 Moulton et al (2001), 16 Franklin (2007), 17 Del Hoyo et al (1997), 18 Noske et al (1982), 19 Juniper and Parr (1998), 20 Marsden and Jones (1997), 21 Musa et al (2011), 22 Khaleghizadeh et al (2009), 23 Dilks (1975), 24 Murton et al (1972), 25 Murton and Clarke (1968), 26 Lever (2005), 27 Eguchi and Amano (2004), 28 Wyndham (1981), 29 Rodríguez‐Pastor et al (2012), 30 South and Pruett‐Jones (2000), 31 Peris and Aramburú (1995), 32 Massaro et al (2012), 33 Wright and Clout (2001), 34 Berry (2001), 35 Neo (2012), 36 Surender et al (2016), 37 Namwong and Gale (2015), 38 Shiels et al (2018), 39 Strubbe and Matthysen (2007), 40 Pithon and Dytham (1999), 41 Butler et al (2013), 42 Hingston (2019), 43 Polkanov and Greene (2000), 44 Hindwood (1939), 45 Low (1985). …”

Molecular diagnosis of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from Psittaciformes of illegal wildlife trade

“…Thus, measures, such as quarantine, are essential for avoiding the spread of strains with zoonotic potential. Marietto-Gonçalves et al (2010) explained that the monitoring of Gram-negative bacteria in the enteric microbiota of Psittaciformes is a procedure that must be included in the routine of private breeders, zoos, veterinary hospitals and main programs that aim to reintroduce captive birds back to the wild. Such sanitary care measures are important not only because E. coli is not a member of the normal microbiota of these birds, but also due to the risk of dissemination of these pathogens to the wild environment, contributing for the epidemiologic chain of a variety of enteric diseases for humans and other animals.…”