ISOLATION OF <i>MYCOPLASMA GALLISEPTICUM</i> FROM EMBRYONATED CHICKEN EGGS

Russell, R. G.; Cottew, G. S.

doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1972.tb05201.x

Cited by 8 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 4 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…Cottew (1956) reported the isolation of a mycoplasma from chickens with clinical CRD while typical lesions of mycoplasmosis and M. gallisepticum serum agglutinins were produced by the inoculation of an unidentified mycoplasma into susceptible chickens by Gilchrist (1963). However, it was several years before serologically confirmed isolates of M. gallisepticum were made in Australia (Rosenfeld 1971; Russell and Cottew 1972). Grimes and Rosenfeld (1972) produced clinical and histological signs of respiratory disease when strain 7 of M. gallisepticum (Rosenfeld 1971) was inoculated into the upper respiratory tract of chickens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence and transmissibility of Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Soeripto

Whithear²,

Cottew³

et al. 1989

Aust Veterinary J

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The virulence of 4 low passage strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum obtained from different sources within Australia was studied by experimental infection of chickens. Strain Ap3AS, originally isolated from the air sac of a broiler chicken, produced severe air sac lesions following injection into the abdominal air sacs of 2-week or 3-week-old chickens, and adult hens. Strain 80083 which was isolated from a clinically normal broiler breeder hen was also capable of producing gross air sac lesions following intra-abdominal (IA) injection, although it did so less consistently than strain Ap3AS. Strain 82078 isolated from a layer hen and strain QXO which was isolated from a turkey were also moderately pathogenic in terms of the incidence and severity of lesions elicited following IA injection. Strains Ap3AS and 80083 both caused a substantial loss of egg production over a 5 week period after IA infection of 27-week-old hens. Neither strain Ap3AS nor 80083 caused gross lesions or loss of egg production when administered alone into the upper respiratory tract. However, when inoculated into the conjunctival sac in combination with the Vic S strain of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains Ap3AS and 80083 produced identical clinical signs of conjunctivitis. The mean numbers of M. gallisepticum in tracheal washings were significantly higher 2 weeks after infection in the group receiving strain 80083 in combination with IBV than in the group infected with strain Ap3AS and IBV (p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence and transmissibility of Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Soeripto

Whithear²,

Cottew³

et al. 1989

Aust Veterinary J

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Infection and immunity in broiler chicken breeders vaccinated with a temperature-sensitive mutant of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and impact on performance of offspring

2000

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A comparison of infection and immunity to Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) in broiler chicken breeders vaccinated with a temperature-sensitive mutant of MG versus nonvaccinated chickens, and the impact on the performance of their offspring was conducted. Infection and immunity in breeders were assessed by culture and enzyme-linked immunoassay, respectively. However, performance in their offspring was assessed by studying MG infection in embryos, occurrence of infection titers to MG in relation to mortality, and feed conversion in the broilers. Five out of 10 broiler chicken breeder flocks raised on the same multiple-age farm with a long history of mycoplasmosis were vaccinated intraocularly once with a temperature-sensitive MG mutant vaccine (ts-11) at an average age of 7.5 wk; another five breeder flocks were left as unvaccinated controls exposed to field MG. The average recoveries of ts-11 organisms from tracheas and infraorbital sinuses of 41-wk-old vaccinates were 88 and 84%, respectively. No field MG organisms were recovered from vaccinates between 15 and 41 wk of age. The recovery of field MG organisms from tracheas and sinuses of nonvaccinated chickens increased to an average of 100% at 41 wk of age. A significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the average percentage of MG-seroconverted breeders occurred in ts-11-vaccinated flocks in comparison with nonvaccinated, MG-infected flocks at 15, 20, 23, 29, 32, 36, and 41 wk of age. The average infection prevalence by MG in the vitelline membrane of 7-d-old embryos produced by the five unvaccinated breeder flocks peaked at 79% when their respective hatching eggs were collected at 36 wk of breeder's age. Embryos of ts-11-vaccinated flocks had zero prevalence of MG infection at all times between 29 and 57 wk of breeder's age. Seroconversion to MG (average of 17.7%) at 42 d of age was only present in sera of 10 offspring broiler flocks of the nonvaccinated breeders. However, a lack of seroconversion to MG occurred in 10, 42-d-old offspring broiler flocks of the five ts-11-vaccinated breeder flocks. This lack was associated with a lower, better average feed-conversion ratio (2.05) (P < 0.05) and a lower average mortality percentage (5.3%) (P < 0.05) in comparison with those obtained in the offspring of the five unvaccinated, MG-infected breeder flocks. The results indicate that vaccination of broiler chicken breeders with a temperature-sensitive mutant of MG prevented infection by field MG in tracheas and infraorbital sinuses of these breeders and in the vitelline membranes of their embryos. In addition, the broiler offspring of the vaccinated breeders had a better production performance.

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Evaluation of Mycoplasma Inactivation during Production of Biologics: Egg-Based Viral Vaccines as a Model

David

Volokhov

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Although mycoplasmas are generally considered to be harmless commensals, some mycoplasma species are able to cause infections in pediatric, geriatric, or immunocompromised patients. Thus, accidental contamination of biologics with mycoplasmas represents a potential risk for the health of individuals who receive cell-derived biological and pharmaceutical products. To assess the efficiency of inactivation of mycoplasmas by the agents used in the manufacture of egg-derived influenza vaccines, we carried out a series of experiments aimed at monitoring the viability of mycoplasmas spiked into both chicken allantoic fluid and protein-rich microbiological media and then treated with beta-propiolactone, formalin, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, Triton X-100, and sodium deoxycholate, which are agents that are commonly used for virus inactivation and disruption of viral particles during influenza vaccine production. Twenty-two mycoplasma species (with one to four strains of each species) were exposed to these inactivating agents at different concentrations. The most efficient inactivation of the mycoplasmas evaluated was observed with either 0.5% Triton X-100 or 0.5% sodium deoxycholate. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide at concentrations of >0.08% was also able to rapidly inactivate (in less than 30 min) all mycoplasmas tested. In contrast, negligible reductions in mycoplasma titers were observed with 0.0125 to 0.025% formaldehyde. However, increasing the concentration of formaldehyde to 0.1 to 0.2% improved the mycoplasmacidal effect. Incubation of mycoplasmas with 0.1% beta-propiolactone for 1 to 24 h had a marked mycoplasmacidal effect. A comparison of the mycoplasma inactivation profiles showed that strains of selected species (Mycoplasma synoviae, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma orale, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Acholeplasma laidlawii) represent a set of strains that can be utilized to validate the effectiveness of mycoplasma clearance obtained by inactivation and viral purification processes used for the manufacture of an inactivated egg-based vaccine.The mycoplasmas (the trivial name for Mollicutes) are a class of broadly distributed wall-less bacteria with some of the smallest known genomes that support bacterial self-replication (43). While most mycoplasmas are naturally harmless commensals that colonize a wide range of plant, insect, reptilian, avian, mammalian, and human hosts (43), some of them are able to cause diseases whose severity varies in their natural hosts (1,4,10,19,43).Mycoplasmas, particularly species of genera Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma, are also frequent contaminants of primary and continuous cell lines (45). This is a concern for research laboratories and commercial facilities involved in the development and production of cell-derived biological and pharmaceutical products. In addition, several natural mycoplasma infections of embryonated fowl eggs and primary chicken embryo cell cultures used for the production of viral vaccines have been reported (5-7, 16, 36, 46, 48, 55). Although only a ...

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ISOLATION OF MYCOPLASMA GALLISEPTICUM FROM EMBRYONATED CHICKEN EGGS

Cited by 8 publications

References 4 publications

Virulence and transmissibility of Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Virulence and transmissibility of Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Infection and immunity in broiler chicken breeders vaccinated with a temperature-sensitive mutant of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and impact on performance of offspring

Evaluation of Mycoplasma Inactivation during Production of Biologics: Egg-Based Viral Vaccines as a Model

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