Isolation of Cytopathic Small Round Viruses with BS-C-l Cells from Patients with Gastroenteritis

Yamashita, Teruo; Kobayashi, Shinichi; Sakae, Kenji; Nakata, Sh.; Chiba, S; Ishihara, Yuichi; Isomura, Shin

doi:10.1093/infdis/164.5.954

Cited by 236 publications

(194 citation statements)

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“…Aichi virus, which is associated with human acute gastroenteritis (41), is a member of the genus Kobuvirus of the family Picornaviridae (31,42). This virus was first isolated in 1989 from a stool specimen from a patient with oyster-associated nonbacterial gastroenteritis in Aichi, Japan (41), and the complete genome sequence was determined in 1998 (42).…”

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“…This virus was first isolated in 1989 from a stool specimen from a patient with oyster-associated nonbacterial gastroenteritis in Aichi, Japan (41), and the complete genome sequence was determined in 1998 (42). The single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome of Aichi virus consists of 8,280 nucleotides (nt) and a poly(A) tract and encodes a polyprotein of 2,432 amino acids (aa) (34,42).…”

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Aichi Virus Leader Protein Is Involved in Viral RNA Replication and Encapsidation

Sasaki

Nagashima

Taniguchi

2003

J Virol

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Aichi virus, which is associated with human acute gastroenteritis (41), is a member of the genus Kobuvirus of the family Picornaviridae (31, 42). This virus was first isolated in 1989 from a stool specimen from a patient with oyster-associated nonbacterial gastroenteritis in Aichi, Japan (41), and the complete genome sequence was determined in 1998 (42). The single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome of Aichi virus consists of 8,280 nucleotides (nt) and a poly(A) tract and encodes a polyprotein of 2,432 amino acids (aa) (34,42). One of the features of the genome organization of Aichi virus is that it encodes a leader (L) polypeptide upstream of the capsid coding region.Among picornaviruses besides Aichi virus, aphtho-, cardio-, erbo-, and teschoviruses (10) and porcine enterovirus 8 (18) encode L proteins. The L protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), an aphthovirus, is produced in two forms, Lab and Lb, through initiation of translation at two in-frame AUG codons located 84 nt apart (3). Both forms of the FMDV L protein are papain-like thiol proteinases that cleave at their own C termini (23,30,36). In addition, the FMDV L protein cleaves a eukaryotic translation initiation factor, eIF4G (9), contributing to the shutoff of host cap-dependent protein synthesis. The shutoff of host protein synthesis leads to inhibition of alpha/beta interferon production. The L deletion mutant of FMDV can replicate and spread in non-interferon-responsive baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells (29). However, it can replicate but cannot spread in secondary cells from susceptible animals, such as bovine, ovine, and porcine cells (8). This is associated with the inability of the L deletion mutant to inhibit cap-dependent alpha/beta interferon mRNA translation (7,8). The erbovirus L protein also has autocatalytic activity but does not cleave eIF4GI (15).The cardiovirus L proteins have neither the amino acid sequence motif characteristic of picornavirus proteases nor autocatalytic activity. They are released from a polyprotein by viral protease 3C (27, 33). The L protein of the GDVII strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) has been shown to be essential for neurovirulence in mice (6). In addition, it has been reported that L mutants of TMEV and mengovirus exhibit distinct growth properties depending on the host cells: certain L mutants of TMEV and mengovirus can spread in BHK cells but not in mouse L929 cells (1,40,43). For the GDVII strain of TMEV, it has been shown that the L deletion mutant has a defect in the assembly of virions in L929 cells (1), which mainly causes the inability of the mutant to spread in L929 cells. On the other hand, for the DA1 strain of TMEV and mengovirus, the L proteins have been reported to be involved in the inhibition of alpha/beta interferon production by L929 cells (40,44). Furthermore, in the case of encephalomyocarditis virus, it has been suggested that the L protein is involved in internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation of viral RNA (11,17).The Aichi virus L protein does...

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Aichi Virus Leader Protein Is Involved in Viral RNA Replication and Encapsidation

Sasaki

Nagashima

Taniguchi

2003

J Virol

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“…A standard Aichi virus strain, A846/88, was grown in Vero cells. The virion was purified by CsCl centrifugation as described previously (42). RNA was extracted by proteinase K treatment, followed by phenol-chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aichi virus was first isolated in 1989 from a stool specimen from a patient with oyster-associated nonbacterial gastroenteritis in Aichi, Japan (42). The complete genome sequence of this virus was determined, and the genome organization revealed that this virus is a member of the family Picornaviridae (45).…”

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Construction of an Infectious cDNA Clone of Aichi Virus (a New Member of the Family Picornaviridae ) and Mutational Analysis of a Stem-Loop Structure at the 5′ End of the Genome

Sasaki

Kusuhara

Maeno

et al. 2001

J Virol

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Aichi virus is the type species of a new genus, Kobuvirus, of the family Picornaviridae. In this study, we constructed a full-length cDNA clone of Aichi virus whose in vitro transcripts were infectious to Vero cells. During construction of the infectious cDNA clone, a novel sequence of 32 nucleotides was identified at the 5 end of the genome. Computer-assisted prediction of the secondary structure of the 5 end of the genome, including the novel sequence, suggested the formation of a stable stem-loop structure consisting of 42 nucleotides. The function of this stem-loop in virus replication was investigated using various site-directed mutants derived from the infectious cDNA clone. Our data indicated that correct folding of the stem-loop at the 5 end of the positive strand, but not at the 3 end of the negative strand, is critical for viral RNA replication. The primary sequence in the lower part of the stem was also suggested to be crucial for RNA replication. In contrast, nucleotide changes in the loop segment did not so severely reduce the efficiency of virus replication. A double mutant, in which both nucleotide stretches of the middle part of the stem were replaced by their complementary nucleotides, had efficient RNA replication and translation abilities but was unable to produce viruses. These results indicate that the stem-loop at the 5 end of the Aichi virus genome is an element involved in both viral RNA replication and production of infectious virus particles.Aichi virus was first isolated in 1989 from a stool specimen from a patient with oyster-associated nonbacterial gastroenteritis in Aichi, Japan (42). The complete genome sequence of this virus was determined, and the genome organization revealed that this virus is a member of the family Picornaviridae (45). However, the deduced amino acid sequences of Aichi virus proteins exhibited only 15 to 36% homology to those of other picornaviruses, suggesting that Aichi virus belongs to a distinct genus from the previously identified six genera of Picornaviridae (45). In 1999, this virus was classified into a new genus, Kobuvirus (18), whose name is derived from the characteristic morphology of the virus particles (kobu means bump in Japanese). Sequence analysis of 519-base reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) products corresponding to the 3C-3D junction for 17 isolates of Aichi virus revealed that these isolates could be divided into two groups with an approximately 90% sequence homology (46).Aichi virus has often been detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of stool specimens collected during oysterassociated gastroenteritis outbreaks in Japan. Between 1989 and 1991, 13 of 47 stool samples from adult patients in five of nine oyster-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks were positive for the Aichi virus antigen (44). Aichi virus has also been isolated from Pakistani children with gastroenteritis and from Japanese travelers with gastroenteritis from Southeast Asia (43). These findings suggest that this virus is widely distributed in Asia and that it is one...

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“…Sapovirus, another genus of the family Caliciviridae, HAstV (41), and enteric type 40 and 41 HAdVs have also been associated with diarrhea. Aichi virus (42) has recently been classified into the Kobuvirus genus in the Picornaviridae family and has been associated with oyster consumption.…”

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Acute Infantile Gastroenteritis Associated with Human Enteric Viruses in Tunisia

et al. 2008

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, investigated the incidence and the clinical role of various enteric viruses responsible for infantile gastroenteritis in 632 Tunisian children presenting in dispensaries (380 children) or hospitalized (252 children) for acute diarrhea. At least one enteric virus was found in each of 276 samples (43.7%). A single pathogen was observed in 234 samples, and mixed infections were found in 42 samples. In terms of frequency, rotavirus and norovirus were detected in 22.5 and 17.4% of the samples, respectively, followed by astrovirus (4.1%), Aichi virus (3.5%), adenovirus types 40 and 41 (2.7%), and sapovirus (1.0%). The seasonal distribution of viral gastroenteritis showed a winter peak but also an unusual peak from May to September. The severity of the diarrhea was evaluated for hospitalized infants. No significant differences were observed between rotavirus and norovirus infections with regard to the incidence and the clinical severity of the disease, especially in dehydration.Diarrhea is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among infants throughout the world, especially in developing countries, where malnutrition and poor local health service are factors responsible for the increased severity of the diarrhea. In infants, group A rotavirus (RV) is the major etiologic agent of viral gastroenteritis and is responsible for 29 to 45% of hospitalizations, depending on the income level of the country (32, 33). Other enteric viruses such as human norovirus (NoV), sapovirus, astrovirus (HAstV), adenovirus (HAdV) types 40 and 41, and Aichi virus are also associated with acute gastroenteritis, and their relative importance in high-income countries has been reported previously (2, 4).Human NoVs, which are members of the Caliciviridae family, are found in all age groups (7, 10) and are a major cause of food-and water-related outbreaks (11,22). Recent work has showed that NoVs are the second most frequent etiologic agents of viral gastroenteritis (16). Sapovirus, another genus of the family Caliciviridae, HAstV (41), and enteric type 40 and 41 HAdVs have also been associated with diarrhea. Aichi virus (42) has recently been classified into the Kobuvirus genus in the Picornaviridae family and has been associated with oyster consumption.Although the role of these viruses in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in industrialized countries has been established (7, 29), little is known about their contribution to outbreaks in developing countries and few data are currently available (25). In Tunisia, a middle-income Mediterranean country, earlier studies showed the contribution of RVs (8, 38) and more recently that of HAstVs and HAdVs (12) in cases of childhood diarrhea. However, the nature of the contribution of NoVs and Aichi viruses to outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Tunisia remains unknown.The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of these enteric viruses and their contribution to diarrheal diseases in Tunisian children. We conducted a prospective 2-year study of children who were hospitalized in or presented to ...

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Isolation of Cytopathic Small Round Viruses with BS-C-l Cells from Patients with Gastroenteritis

Cited by 236 publications

References 10 publications

Aichi Virus Leader Protein Is Involved in Viral RNA Replication and Encapsidation

Aichi Virus Leader Protein Is Involved in Viral RNA Replication and Encapsidation

Construction of an Infectious cDNA Clone of Aichi Virus (a New Member of the Family Picornaviridae ) and Mutational Analysis of a Stem-Loop Structure at the 5′ End of the Genome

Acute Infantile Gastroenteritis Associated with Human Enteric Viruses in Tunisia

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