Isolation of bluetongue virus serotypes 2, 9 and 15 from sheep in India

Bommineni, Yugendar R.; Reddy, Y. N.; Rao, P P; Sudheer, D.; Susmitha, B.; Sarma, B. J.; Rao, M. Nageswara

doi:10.1136/vr.163.18.545

Cited by 18 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Bluetongue is endemic in India, where most of the 26 serotypes have been reported at one time or another (Bommineni et al., ; Chandel et al., ; Dadawala et al., ; Deshmukh and Gujar, ; Gollapalli et al., ; Maan et al., ,d,e,f; Minakshi et al., ; Prasad et al., ; Rao et al., ,c, ,b; Reddy et al., ; Sreenivasulu and Rao, ; Susmitha et al., ; Uppal and Vasudevan, ). India is probably one of the major source populations of BTV in Asia along with parts of South‐East Asia.…”

Section: Climatic Conditions Of India and Patterns Of Bluetongue Disementioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Bluetongue in India

Rao¹,

Hegde²,

Reddy

et al. 2014

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Bluetongue (BT) is an insectborne endemic disease in India. Although infections are observed in domestic and wild ruminants, the clinical disease and mortality are observed only in sheep, especially in the southern states of the country. The difference in disease patterns in different parts of the country could be due to varied climatic conditions, sheep population density and susceptibility of the sheep breeds to BT. Over the five decades after the first report of BT in 1964, most of the known serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV) have been reported from India either by virus isolation or by detection of serotype-specific antibodies. There have been no structured longitudinal studies to identify the circulating serotypes throughout the country. At least ten serotypes were isolated between 1967 and 2000 (BTV-1-4, 6, 9, 16-18, 23). Since 2001, the All-India Network Programme on Bluetongue and other laboratories have isolated eight different serotypes (BTV-1-3, 9, 10, 12, 16, 21). Genetic analysis of these viruses has revealed that some of them vary substantially from reference viruses, and some show high sequence identity with modified live virus vaccines used in different parts of the world. These observations have highlighted the need to develop diagnostic capabilities, especially as BT outbreaks are still declared based on clinical signs. Although virus isolation and serotyping are the gold standards, rapid methods based on the detection of viral nucleic acid may be more suitable for India. The epidemiological investigations also have implications for vaccine design. Although only a handful serotypes may be involved in causing outbreaks every year, the combination of serotypes may change from year to year. For effective control of BT in India, it may be pertinent to introduce sentinel and vector traps systems for identification of the circulating serotypes and to evaluate herd immunity against different serotypes, so that relevant strains can be included in vaccine formulations.

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Section: Climatic Conditions Of India and Patterns Of Bluetongue Disementioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Bluetongue in India

Rao¹,

Hegde²,

Reddy

et al. 2014

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…For isolation of BTV [14], pelleted and washed erythrocytes obtained from heparinized blood collected from BT-suspected sheep were lysed, and inoculated into 10-day-old embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) by intravenous route [15]. After three passages in ECE, embryo triturates were used to infect and passage in BHK-21 cells until cytopathic effect was observed.…”

Section: Virus Isolation and Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic characterization of bluetongue virus serotype 9 isolates from India

Rao¹,

Reddy²,

Meena³

et al. 2012

Virus Genes

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Recent incursions of bluetongue virus (BTV) into previously naive geographical areas have emphasised the need to better understand virus movement and epidemiology. Several bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes are known to exist in India, and some serotype viruses have been isolated. However, the complete genome of not a single isolate is available to date. We report the complete genome sequence of one, and partial sequences of three other Indian isolates of BTV-9. Evolutionary relationships with segment-2 and -6 sequences of BTV isolates around the world, deduced using four different phylogenetic analyses and a similarity programme, show that BTV-9 (Eastern), BTV-9 (Western), and BTV-5 form a triad of equidistant, genetically distinct groups of viruses. The Indian BTV-9 isolates were closely related to Mediterranean and European BTV-9 isolates (Eastern topotype) based on segment-2 and -6 sequences. By contrast, segment-5 analyses clustered the Indian BTV-9 isolates with South African BTV-3 reference strain (98% identity), which belongs to one of the Western types. These results have implications on BTV origin and movement, genotyping, serotyping, and vaccine design.

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“…Twenty-six different serotypes of BTV are recognized worldwide and distinct topotypes defined by closely related sequences of each genome segment have been proposed [19]. In India, 23 serotypes of BTV have been reported, identified either by serology or virus isolation, and eight serotypes (BTV-1, -2, -3, -9, -10, -16, -21, and -23) have been isolated from different regions during the last decade [4,5,8,12,17,22,26,28,30,33,36,37].BT is endemic in India. Multiple serotypes of BTV commonly circulate in the same geographical area, and can be isolated from the same flock or even from the same animals.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Recently three serotypes (BTV-3, -9, and -21) have been isolated from India [5,17,30,31,37] (http:// www.ainpbt.com/achievement.html). To select different serotypes of BTV for inclusion in polyvalent vaccines, a comprehensive and continuous type-specific sero-prevalence is needed.…”

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confidence: 99%

Type-specific seroprevalence of bluetongue in Andhra Pradesh, India, during 2005–2009

et al. 2013

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Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious, arthropodborne viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), which is a double-stranded segmented RNA virus. Of the 26 confirmed BTV serotypes, 23 were reported in India based on the detection of antibodies or virus. In order to assess the prevalence of different serotypes in Andhra Pradesh, serum samples which were positive for BTV by group-specific antibody ELISA were subjected to type-specific neutralization of BTV serotypes 1, 2, 9, 10, 21 and 23. Of the 52 samples tested, 50.0, 44.23, 21.15, 26.92, 0, and 15.38 % neutralized BTV serotypes 1, 2, 9, 10, 21 and 23, respectively. However, 32.69 % of the ELISA positive sera could not neutralize any of these serotypes, indicating that there could be other serotype viruses (e.g., BTV-3 and -16) circulating in the State. This method can be used for surveillance of the circulating serotypes as well as for assessing the level of herd immunity, and assist in determining the vaccine strains to be used in multivalent vaccines.Keywords Bluetongue virus Á Serotype Á Surveillance Á Virus neutralization assay Á Epidemiology Bleuetongue (BT) is one of the major economically important livestock diseases in India. The disease is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), a double-stranded segmented RNA virus belonging to genus Orbivirus of family Reoviridae. Clinical BT is observed only in sheep, and not in other domestic or wild animals. However, antibodies against BTV are frequently observed in cattle, buffaloes, goats and some wild ruminants, indicating asymptomatic infection in these species [21,23,25,27,36]. Twenty-six different serotypes of BTV are recognized worldwide and distinct topotypes defined by closely related sequences of each genome segment have been proposed [19]. In India, 23 serotypes of BTV have been reported, identified either by serology or virus isolation, and eight serotypes (BTV-1, -2, -3, -9, -10, -16, -21, and -23) have been isolated from different regions during the last decade [4,5,8,12,17,22,26,28,30,33,36,37].BT is endemic in India. Multiple serotypes of BTV commonly circulate in the same geographical area, and can be isolated from the same flock or even from the same animals. Further, recent reports indicate the incursion of Western topotypes of BTV into India [12,17,18,20,29,31]. Therefore, the identification of circulating serotypes of BTV is important. However, virus isolation followed by serotyping is time consuming. In addition, by the time the viruses are isolated and the serotype is determined, new serotypes may appear, resurface or dominate, making it difficult to select the serotypes for incorporation in vaccines. An inactivated polyvalant vaccine has been developed in India using five serotypes of BTV (BTV-1, -2, -10,

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Isolation of bluetongue virus serotypes 2, 9 and 15 from sheep in India

Cited by 18 publications

References 6 publications

Epidemiology of Bluetongue in India

Epidemiology of Bluetongue in India

Genetic characterization of bluetongue virus serotype 9 isolates from India

Type-specific seroprevalence of bluetongue in Andhra Pradesh, India, during 2005–2009

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