Isolation and Purification of Cytochalasin E and Two Tremorgens from Aspergillus Clavatus

The Genus Aspergillus

“…Firstly, however, several months after the original outbreak we examined a sample of culms involved in the mycotoxicosis reported by Gilmour et al, (1989) and found that A. cIavatus could still be isolated as the predominant mould, but some penicillia were also present. At that stage, we could not demonstrate toxicity in extracts prepared from the culms after the method of Glinsukon et al (1973) and tested against human epithelial (HEp) cells using the technique of Robb and Norval (1985). However, the extract caused limited inhibition of growth of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Pearce, 1990), as judged by its effect on conductance change in broth cultures ( Figure 1).…”

Aspergillus clavatus tremorgenic neurotoxicosis in cattle fed sprouted grains

“…Cytochalasin E killed rats within 2 to 18 h of dosing, causing cerebral oedema, ascites and lung haemorrhage. 18 Tryptoquivaline and tryptoquivalone injected intraperitoneally in rats each produced fine tremors and hypersensitivity persisting for 5 days after dosing, but no lesions at necropsy or microscopic examination of tissues, including brain. 18 Patulin extracted from culture filtrates of A clavatus in France and injected intraperitoneally into mice has produced signs consistent with those seen in cattle, but neuronal degeneration in only the cerebral cortex.…”

“…18 Tryptoquivaline and tryptoquivalone injected intraperitoneally in rats each produced fine tremors and hypersensitivity persisting for 5 days after dosing, but no lesions at necropsy or microscopic examination of tissues, including brain. 18 Patulin extracted from culture filtrates of A clavatus in France and injected intraperitoneally into mice has produced signs consistent with those seen in cattle, but neuronal degeneration in only the cerebral cortex. 19 The most toxic fraction extracted from sorghum beer residues in South Africa and capable of producing the tremorgenic syndrome in sheep dosed orally contained neither patulin, tryptoquivalone nor nortrypto-'fodder factory' system developed stiff gaits and their rate of weight gain decreased beginning on 27 February 2003.…”

Isolation and Analysis of Molds from Soy Sauce Koji in Thailand

“…Insoluble matter was removed by filtration and dried in vacuo. This method was modified from that of Glinsukon et al (2) for preparing crude toxin, and the final residue was labeled "crude toxin." It was tested for aflatoxin content and toxicity to rats as outlined below.…”