Isolation and Molecular Biological Investigations of Avian Poxviruses from Chickens, a Turkey, and a Pigeon in Croatia

Prukner‐Radovčić, Estella; Lüschow, Dörte; Grozdanić, Irena Ciglar; Tišljar, Marina; Mazija, Hrvoje; Vranešić, Ł; Hafez, H. M.

doi:10.1637/7506-012006r.1

Cited by 25 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The mechanism of REV insertion at a unique FWPV ORF 201/203 site (Garcia et al, 2003;Moore et al, 2000;Afonso et al, 2000;Prukner-Radovcic et al, 2006) has two consequences; the relatively unproblematic REV genomic fragment insertion into the poultry FWPV, considered until the present report to be universal, can revert to nonuniversal for many FWPV poultry isolates, but REV insertion can also occur suddenly and remain undetected in FWPV vaccine strain viruses under field conditions. Careful examination using a panel of PCR systems, as presented in this study, will allow monitoring of leakage of REV into vaccine viruses.…”

Section: Fowlpox Virus (Fwpv) Is the Prototype Of The Genusmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Molecular descriptions of FWPV isolates with REV genomic insertions have accumulated from various parts of the world (Garcia et al, 2003;Hertig et al, 1997;Kim & Tripathy, 2001;Singh et al, 2000;Prukner-Radovcic et al, 2006). These studies demonstrated that REV-inserted fragments in wild-type field FWPV isolates were variable in content, although they included REV long-terminal repeats (LTRs) of various lengths and additional sections of the proviral genome.…”

Section: Fowlpox Virus (Fwpv) Is the Prototype Of The Genusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Integration of the reticuloendotheliosis virus envelope gene into the poultry fowlpox virus genome is not universal

Davidson¹,

Shkoda²,

Perk³

2008

Journal of General Virology

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Fowlpox virus (FWPV) is found worldwide in poultry and wild birds. FWPV is a natural example of recombination between viruses, as reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) fragments have been found in all poultry FWPVs and these are implicated in virulence alteration. We aimed to determine the commonality of this phenomenon and analysed FWPVs collected from 128 poultry flocks and birds over the last 10 years. Various fragments of both viruses were amplified and sequenced at the FWPV integration site, located between FWPV open reading frames 201 and 203. Seven isolates were found to contain no REV insertions, including fragments of the REV env, gag and 59 REV-long terminal repeat (LTR). We demonstrate here for the first time, the existence of poultry FWPVs without REV inserts (two from chickens, one from turkey FWPV and four from wild birds). The REV inserts were heterogeneous in size. In addition to poultry and wild bird isolates, three FWPV vaccine virus strains were examined and found to contain only remnant REV-LTR and no REV envelope gene fragments. Fowlpox virus (FWPV) is the prototype of the genusAvipoxvirus and has worldwide distribution in the poultry industry. Infection of commercial chickens and turkeys with FWPV induces two forms of disease; the relatively mild form is characterized by the development of cutaneous lesions on unfeathered areas of the skin and the more severe diphtheritic form by lesions on mucous membranes of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. In addition, FWPV infection causes reduced growth rates and egg production (Tripathy & Reed, 2003).Vaccination with various live vaccines is widely practised and was thought to be effective in preventing the disease, at least until 10 years ago; since then, the vaccination efficacy has been doubted (Fatunmbi & Reed, 1996;Tripathy et al., 1998;Singh et al., 2000). The avian retrovirus reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) (Witter & Fadly, 2003), which has inserted various genomic fragments into FWPV (Garcia et al., 2003;Hertig et al., 1997;Kim & Tripathy, 2001;Moore et al., 2000;Singh et al., 2003), was implicated as being responsible for the FWPV virulence alteration (Garcia et al., 2003;Fatunmbi & Reed, 1996). Subsequently, a field FWPV isolate containing an REV insert was used to create a modified FWPV in which the REV inserts were eliminated (Singh et al., 2005). By comparing the lesions induced by the two versions of the same FWPV, the contribution of the REV insert to the increased virulence of the progenitor FWPV was confirmed. REV-containing FWPV isolates were also found to be responsible for immunosuppression and even dissemination of REV, if a full infective provirus is integrated into the FWPV (Singh et al., 2000).REV integration also occurred in FWPV vaccine strains, leading to their immediate elimination from use (Hertig et al., 1997). Initial observations from commercial flocks suggested that FWPV vaccine contamination with REV caused tumours in the vaccinated birds (Bendheim, 1973;Bagust & Dennett, 1977;Fadly et al., 1996). The link b...

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Section: Fowlpox Virus (Fwpv) Is the Prototype Of The Genusmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Fowlpox Virus (Fwpv) Is the Prototype Of The Genusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration of the reticuloendotheliosis virus envelope gene into the poultry fowlpox virus genome is not universal

Davidson¹,

Shkoda²,

Perk³

2008

Journal of General Virology

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“…To prevent poor outcomes, birds should be vaccinated, but an effective vaccine against chlamydiosis is not yet available (Andersen and Vanrompay, 2008). There are, however, good commercial pox vaccines (Prukner-Radovici et al, 2006;Tripathy and Reed, 2008).…”

Section: Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 62 2014mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mixed infection by fowlpox virus and Chlamydophila psittaci in a commercial laying hen flock

Karpińska¹,

Kozaczynski²,

Niemczuk

et al. 2014

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica

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An outbreak of fowlpox occurred in a commercial laying hen flock in one of the western provinces of Poland. Clinical signs suggested fowlpox and the diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological detection of Bollinger bodies within the epithelial cells. Detailed ultrastructural examination revealed an additional concurrent infection with chlamydia-like particles. The particles were identified by PCR as fowlpox virus and Chlamydophila psittaci. It is worth noting that both pathogens can generate morphologic forms capable of prolonged survival and inducing latent and persistent infection. We suggest a possible interaction between the two pathogens on ultrastructural level and assess the clinical consequences of the mixed infection. This study also demonstrates a potential of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) for identifying a superinfection with another pathogen (in this case C. psittaci), which may remain undetected by routine techniques.

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“…In such investigations, the underlying 'catch-all' principle of this technique is essential for the recognition of an unknown agent. There are also many recent similar examples of the usefulness of TEM for identifying the virus involved in particular outbreaks in veterinary medicine (Coyne et al, 2006;Literak et al, 2006;Matz-Rensing et al, 2006;Prukner-Radovcic et al, 2006;Chan et al, 2007;Gruber et al, 2007;Maeda et al, 2007).…”

Section: Identifying Emerging or 'Re-emerging' Agents And The Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral detection by electron microscopy: past, present and future

Roingeard

2008

Biology of the Cell

107

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Viruses are very small and most of them can be seen only by TEM (transmission electron microscopy). TEM has therefore made a major contribution to virology, including the discovery of many viruses, the diagnosis of various viral infections and fundamental investigations of virus—host cell interactions. However, TEM has gradually been replaced by more sensitive methods, such as the PCR. In research, new imaging techniques for fluorescence light microscopy have supplanted TEM, making it possible to study live cells and dynamic interactions between viruses and the cellular machinery. Nevertheless, TEM remains essential for certain aspects of virology. It is very useful for the initial identification of unknown viral agents in particular outbreaks, and is recommended by regulatory agencies for investigation of the viral safety of biological products and/or the cells used to produce them. In research, only TEM has a resolution sufficiently high for discrimination between aggregated viral proteins and structured viral particles. Recent examples of different viral assembly models illustrate the value of TEM for improving our understanding of virus—cell interactions.

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Isolation and Molecular Biological Investigations of Avian Poxviruses from Chickens, a Turkey, and a Pigeon in Croatia

Cited by 25 publications

References 11 publications

Integration of the reticuloendotheliosis virus envelope gene into the poultry fowlpox virus genome is not universal

Integration of the reticuloendotheliosis virus envelope gene into the poultry fowlpox virus genome is not universal

Mixed infection by fowlpox virus and Chlamydophila psittaci in a commercial laying hen flock

Viral detection by electron microscopy: past, present and future

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