Isolation and characterization of avian coronavirus from healthy Eclectus parrots (Eclectus roratus) from Indonesia

Abstract

Background and Aim: Avian coronavirus has a wide range of hosts, from chickens and turkeys to wild birds. This virus causes an economically and, possibly, environmentally, important loss in the poultry industry. Therefore, research into the avian coronavirus in various species of birds is required. The Eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus) is an endemic bird to Indonesia and Northern Australia and often kept as pets. At present, there has been limited information about avian coronavirus infection among birds. This study aimed to determine the presence of and to characterize avian coronavirus isolated from Eclectus parrots in Indonesia. Materials and Methods:Cloacal swab samples were taken from 10 healthy Eclectus parrots (E. roratus). Each isolate was propagated into specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs. The presence of avian coronavirus was determined using three sets of primers targeting the 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) of avian coronavirus (UTR41+/11−), the N gene of the infectious bronchitis virus (IBVN+/−), and the S1 gene of the IBV (XCE2+/XCE2−). The infectious bronchitis vaccine strain H120 was used as a positive control. Resulting positive bands were sequenced for the S1 gene.Results: None of the isolates was positive for the 3'-UTR, four isolates were positive for the N gene of infectious bronchitis, and two isolates were positive for the S1 gene of the IBV. However, only one isolate (parrot/Indonesia/BX9/16) was sequenced for the partial S1 gene with primers XCE2+/XCE2−. The partial nucleotide sequence of this isolate showed 100% homology with the IBV GI-13 lineage, specifically with a field isolate of the 4/91 variant 1 Israel and the 4/91 vaccine on the hypervariable region 3 site of the S1 gene. Conclusion:An IB-like avian coronavirus was isolated from healthy Eclectus parrots. Our results indicate that IBV has a wide range of hosts, which prompt the need to understand the interspecies connection of this virus better.

Wild birds as reservoirs for diverse and abundant gamma- and deltacoronaviruses

“…For example, AvCoV has also been shown in Eclectus parrots ( Eclectus roratus ) from a breeder in West Java, Indonesia, and the authors suggested that the combination of backyard farming and low biosecurity may have contributed to this spill-over event (Suryaman et al . 2019 ). A study from Madagascar surprisingly detected AvCoV in two wild bird species: Common Moorhen ( Gallinula chloropus ) and Madagascan Snipe ( Gallinago macrodactyla ).…”

Coronaviruses in wild birds – A potential and suitable vector for global distribution

“…In Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, an IB‐like avian CoV was isolated from healthy Eclectus parrots ( Eclectus roratus ) belonging to a bird breeder (Suryaman et al., 2019). The parrot Eclectus is a native bird to Indonesia and Northern Australia and is mostly kept as a pet.…”

Medical Students and COVID-19: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Precautionary Measures. A Descriptive Study From Jordan

“…CoVs are divided based on their antigenicity into four groups: alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta CoVs (1,2). All four groups infect primarily mammals and birds and are associated with deadly illnesses that greatly impacted poultry industry (3). Alpha-and beta-CoVs infect humans as well and cause a wide variety of infections ranging from common cold seen with 229E and OC43 CoVs, to croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia seen with NL63 and HKU1 (4,5).…”