Isoflurane sparing action of epidurally administered xylazine hydrochloride in anesthetized dogs

Soares, Jorge; Ascoli, F. O.; Gremiao, Isabela D. F.; Segura, Ignacio A. Gomez de; Filho, Firmino Mársico

doi:10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.854

Cited by 17 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In comparing our findings to other studies using isoflurane anesthesia, it is important to remember that xylazine was continuously administered to all anesthetized animals. This contributed to an anesthetic drug-sparing effect, in which lower concentrations of isoflurane were required to maintain complete sedation (Doherty et al 2007;Soares et al 2004). Therefore, anesthesia at 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1.0% Iso in this study corresponded to a lack of behavioral responses and induced UP and DOWN states but did not lead to burst suppression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Anesthesia differentially modulates spontaneous network dynamics by cortical area and layer

Sellers

Bennett

Hutt

et al. 2013

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Anesthesia is widely used in medicine and research to achieve altered states of consciousness and cognition. Whereas changes to macroscopic cortical activity patterns by anesthesia measured at the spatial resolution of electroencephalography have been widely studied, modulation of mesoscopic and microscopic network dynamics by anesthesia remain poorly understood. To address this gap in knowledge, we recorded spontaneous mesoscopic (local field potential) and microscopic (multiunit activity) network dynamics in primary visual cortex (V1) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) of awake and isoflurane anesthetized ferrets ( Mustela putoris furo). This approach allowed for examination of activity as a function of cortical area, cortical layer, and anesthetic depth with much higher spatial and temporal resolution than in previous studies. We hypothesized that a primary sensory area and an association cortical area would exhibit different patterns of network modulation by anesthesia due to their different functional roles. Indeed, we found effects specific to cortical area and cortical layer. V1 exhibited minimal changes in rhythmic structure with anesthesia but differential modulation of input layer IV. In contrast, anesthesia profoundly altered spectral power in PFC, with more uniform modulation across cortical layers. Our results demonstrate that anesthesia modulates spontaneous cortical activity in an area- and layer-specific manner. These finding provide the basis for 1) refining anesthesia monitoring algorithms, 2) reevaluating the large number of systems neuroscience studies performed in anesthetized animals, and 3) increasing our understanding of differential dynamics across cortical layers and areas.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Anesthesia differentially modulates spontaneous network dynamics by cortical area and layer

Sellers

Bennett

Hutt

et al. 2013

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…The MAC of isoflurane was reduced by 8, 22, and 33%, after epidural administration of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg kg −1 of xylazine, respectively (107). All doses of xylazine decreased the heart rate, but only the highest dose caused second-degree atrioventricular block (107).…”

Section: Agonists Of Alpha2-adrenergic Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All doses of xylazine decreased the heart rate, but only the highest dose caused second-degree atrioventricular block (107). Epidural xylazine was also shown to provide longer postoperative analgesia when compared with epidural romifidine, dexmedetomidine, detomidine, and clonidine in dogs (108).…”

Section: Agonists Of Alpha2-adrenergic Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Update on Drugs Used for Lumbosacral Epidural Anesthesia and Analgesia in Dogs

Steagall

2017

Front. Vet. Sci.

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This review aims to report an update on drugs administered into the epidural space for anesthesia and analgesia in dogs, describing their potential advantages and disadvantages in the clinical setting. Databases searched include Pubmed, Google scholar, and CAB abstracts. Benefits of administering local anesthetics, opioids, and alpha2 agonists into the epidural space include the use of lower doses of general anesthetics (anesthetic “sparing” effect), perioperative analgesia, and reduced side effects associated with systemic administration of drugs. However, the potential for cardiorespiratory compromise, neurotoxicity, and other adverse effects should be considered when using the epidural route of administration. When these variables are considered, the epidural technique is useful as a complementary method of anesthesia for preventive and postoperative analgesia and/or as part of a balanced anesthesia technique.

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“…However, in anaesthetized dogs, although epidural administration of 0.4 mg kg −1 of xylazine or 15 μg kg −1 of medetomidine were reported to induce an initial increase in arterial blood pressure (Vesal et al. 1996; Soares et al. 2004), 0.2 mg kg −1 of epidural xylazine was not associated with significant changes (Greene et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular effects following epidural injection of romifidine in isoflurane-anaesthetized dogs

Martin-Bouyer

Schauvliege

Duchateau

et al. 2010

Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia

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Isoflurane sparing action of epidurally administered xylazine hydrochloride in anesthetized dogs

Abstract: Epidural administration of xylazine decreases the MAC(ISO) in a dose-dependent manner and is associated with few cardiopulmonary effects in anesthetized dogs.

Cited by 17 publications

References 42 publications

Anesthesia differentially modulates spontaneous network dynamics by cortical area and layer

Anesthesia differentially modulates spontaneous network dynamics by cortical area and layer

An Update on Drugs Used for Lumbosacral Epidural Anesthesia and Analgesia in Dogs

Cardiovascular effects following epidural injection of romifidine in isoflurane-anaesthetized dogs

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