An Update on Drugs Used for Lumbosacral Epidural Anesthesia and Analgesia in Dogs

Steagall, Paulo V.

doi:10.3389/fvets.2017.00068

Cited by 45 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 125 publications

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“…Conversely, the topography of the medullary cone of the night monkey favors the epidural approaches in these individuals, as it was described by Silva et al (2013) for the common marmoset and Cordeiro et al (2014) for capuchin monkeys. Both studies consider the epidural space to be a safe area for both epidural anesthesia and other procedures in nonhuman primates, regardless of the presence or absence of the dural sac in these species, decreases central sensitization, intraoperative inhalant and opioid requirements, the use of postoperative rescue analgesia and plasma concentrations of stress response biomarkers during surgery (Romano et al, 2016, Steagall et al, 2017.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topography of the medullary cone of the feline night monkey: Clinical implications in epidural anesthesia

Silva

Ribeiro

Soares

et al. 2019

Revista Brasileira De Ciência Veterinária

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Feline night monkey (Aotus azarae infulatus) is an arboreal primate that sleeps during the day hidden among branches of trees, leaving its hideout after nightfall. Little is known about the morphology of these animals, which leads to some difficulty in clinical and surgical approaches, as there has been substantial growth in the veterinarian's role in maintaining the health and well-being of wildlife. Thus, we sought to investigate the topography and morphometry of the medullary cone, a small portion of the nervous system of the feline night monkey, which is of paramount importance in approaches for epidural anesthesia. Specimens from five young females were used, each with eight lumbar vertebrae, three sacral vertebrae, and a medullary cone with an average length of 7.5 cm, located between L5 and S3. Based on this finding, we suggest that a probable site for the application of epidural anesthesia is the space between S3 and Cc1.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topography of the medullary cone of the feline night monkey: Clinical implications in epidural anesthesia

Silva

Ribeiro

Soares

et al. 2019

Revista Brasileira De Ciência Veterinária

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“…This can be attributed to the sedative and centrally induced muscle relaxation effects of diazepam [25]. Also the extent of sensory, motor and autonomic blockade produced by a lumbo-sacral epidural administration will depend on the cranial distribution of local anaesthetics according to the volume, concentration, velocity of administration, amount of the epidural fat, epidural space size, posture and gravity [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Lignocaine-Diazepam Combination in Lumbo-Sacral Epidural Anaesthetized Dogs Undergoing Caudectomy

Yakubu

Usman

Kabir

et al. 2020

JABB

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General anaesthesia is known to be associated with the risk of cardiopulmonary depression, therefore the use of a safer means of anaesthesia as an alternative has to be explored. Epidural anaesthesia technique is known for its simplicity, safety and effectiveness and is one of the most frequently used regional anesthetic techniques described for surgical procedures caudal to the umbilicus in small animal practice. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of lumbo-sacral epidural injection of a mixture of 7.5 mg/kg of 2% lignocaine solution and 0.2 mg/kg 0.5% diazepam solution in 10 apparently healthy Nigerian local dogs undergoing caudectomy. Onset of neural blocked recorded was 6.5 ± 1.35 min (mean ± SD), duration of analgesia was 54.4 ± 5.38 min (mean ± SD) and duration of recumbency was 115.1 ± 36.1min (mean ± SD). Changes observed in the Pulse rate (PR), Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), Respiratory rate (RR) and Rectal temperature (RT) were recorded at 10 min intervals throughout the duration of the procedure. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the mean physiological parameters observed as compared to the baseline values. Blood samples were also taken at 15 min interval throughout the duration of the procedure to determine the effects of the epidurally administered lignocaine-diazepam combination on haematological and serum biochemical indices. No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed in the mean haematological (PCV, RBC, WBC, Hb and CBC) and serum biochemical indices (ALT, ALP, Creatinine and BUN). It was concluded that epidurally administered lignocaine-diazepam mixture at 7.5 mg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg respectively had a fast onset of neural blockade, adequate and long duration of analgesia without profound effects on haemodynamic and cardiopulmonary system.

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“…Mesmo tendo recebido fluidoterapia prévia, a hipotensão inicial, no presente relato, pode ter sido intensificada pela epidural, uma vez que o animal se mostrava normotenso após a indução anestésica. Por esse motivo, foram administrados fármacos que restauram o tônus simpático e fluidoterapia, além de redução no fornecimento de isoflurano, conforme conduta recomendada nesses casos [30,36]. Tabela 1.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Anesthetic Management of a Maned Wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) for Pelvic Limb Amputation

Justo

Garófalo

Neto

et al. 2019

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background:The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is the largest south american canid and deemed a near threatened species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Typically found in Brazilian Cerrado, it is often a victim of animal trappings and vehicular accidents, where it may get deeply injured or end up fractured, demanding orthopedic procedures. Even though maned wolves are similar to the domestic dog, little is described regarding general anesthesia and its complications for major procedures in ill patients in the scientific database. This case report describes a successful blood transfusion and anesthetic management of a critically ill C. brachyurus. Case: An adult female maned wolf was rescued after getting steel-jaw trapped. After chemical restraint with intramuscular (IM) ketamine (12 mg/kg), midazolam (0.3 mg/kg) and methadone (0.3 mg/kg), physical examination showed exposed bones to the distal end of the right hind limb, pronounced dehydration and moderate anemia and thrombocytopenia according to blood count. Radiographic images enlightened multiple right tarsus fractures. As the wound was highly infected, which made the osteosynthesis procedure impossible, it was decided to amputate the limb on the following day. Subcutaneous (SC) lactated Ringer's solution (250 mL), IM meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg) and IM enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg) were also administered at first. On the following day, after aforementioned chemical immobilization, anesthesia was induced with dose-effect intravenous (IV) propofol (2 mg/kg) until orotracheal intubation was possible, and general anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane diluted in oxygen. Lumbosacral epidural anesthesia was obtained with 0.5% bupivacaine (0.25 mL/kg) and morphine (0.1 mg/kg) to provide analgesia and to reduce inhalant agent requirement. During surgery, hypotension was unresponsive to IV fluid challenges (5 mL/kg of third generation hydroxyethyl starch solution [6% tetrastarch] twice and 10 mL/kg of lactated Ringer's solution, both over 15 minutes) and enduring blood loss led to life-threatening hypovolemic anemia. Dopamine (7.5-12.5 µg/kg/min) and norepinephrine (0.1-0.6 µg/kg/min) IV infusions were not able to fully restore blood pressure, thus whole blood transfusion (300 mL) was carried out after blood collection from a healthy maned wolf. Several premature ventricular contractions (PVC) that promptly evolved to sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) were observed and treated with 2% lidocaine (bolus of 2 mg/kg followed by constant rate infusion set at 50 µg/kg/ min). By extubation, electrocardiogram displayed sparse PVC and normotension could be achieved. Discussion: Even though there was no cardiovascular instability by the time epidural anesthesia was carried out, the latter could have contributed to the hypotensive crisis (mean arterial pressure < 40 mmHg) observed during general anesthesia. The decreasing MAP was also probably influenced by intense blood loss and previous dehydration and hypovolemia, as packed cell volume (...

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An Update on Drugs Used for Lumbosacral Epidural Anesthesia and Analgesia in Dogs

Cited by 45 publications

References 125 publications

Topography of the medullary cone of the feline night monkey: Clinical implications in epidural anesthesia

Topography of the medullary cone of the feline night monkey: Clinical implications in epidural anesthesia

Effects of Lignocaine-Diazepam Combination in Lumbo-Sacral Epidural Anaesthetized Dogs Undergoing Caudectomy

Anesthetic Management of a Maned Wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) for Pelvic Limb Amputation

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