Isoflurane preconditioning protects motor neurons from spinal cord ischemia: Its dose–response effects and activation of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium channel

Co-application of ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning provides additive neuroprotection against spinal cord ischemia in rabbits

“…The protection provided by IPC is dependent on the duration of ischemic pretreatment, the time window between the pretreatment and the subsequent insult, and the severity of the subsequent insult. In a similar rabbit model, 5-minute IPC markedly attenuated the neurological injuries caused by 20 min of spinal cord ischemia (Park et al, 2005). The same episode of IPC was performed in the present study with a prolongation of ischemia to 30 min, and neuroprotection was attenuated to a lack of significance.…”

“…Protective efficiency of IPC against spinal cord ischemia has been shown in different models (Park et al, 2005;Zvara et al, 1999;Toumpoulis et al, 2004). The protection provided by IPC is dependent on the duration of ischemic pretreatment, the time window between the pretreatment and the subsequent insult, and the severity of the subsequent insult.…”

“…Ischemic preconditioning (IPC), which was first described in 1986 as a paradoxical form of cardioprotection (Murry et al, 1986), has now been acknowledged to be a potent endogenous protection to enhance the tolerance against ischemia in several organs, including the spinal cord (Park et al, 2005;Zvara et al, 1999;Toumpoulis et al, 2004). Another endogenous form of cardioprotection, termed postconditioning, has recently been reported, in which a short series of repetitive cycles of brief reperfusion and reocclusion of the coronary artery were applied immediately at the onset of reperfusion, and this procedure has Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Life Sciences 82 (2008) 608 -614 www.elsevier.com/locate/lifescie been shown to reduce myocardial injury to an extent comparable to that of IPC (Zhao et al, 2003).…”

Ischemic preconditioning ameliorates spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury by triggering autoregulation

“…Neuronal survival was assessed by counting cells in the anterior spinal cord (anterior to an imaginary line drawn through the central canal perpendicular to the vertical axis) showing positive NeuN immunostaining. 21 Statistical analysis. Data are presented as mean Ϯ standard deviation.…”

Pharmacological Enhancement of Neuronal Survival

“…With respect to neuronal tissues, the preconditioning phenomenon has been induced with H 2 O 2 (Tang et al, 2005), glutamate (Jiang et al, 2005), NMDA (Jiang et al, 2005), heat shock (Quigney et al, 2003), Zn (Nolte et al, 2004), EPO (Ruscher et al, 2002;Lee et al, 2006a,b), O 2 (100%) (Zhang et al, 2004), FeSO 4 (Tai and Truong, 2002), prostaglandin E 2 (Gendron et al, 2005), and isoflurane (Zheng and Zuo, 2003;Park et al, 2005), among other agents using a variety of biological models, including neuronal cell lines (e.g., PC12, SH-5YSY, SK-N-SH), as well as primary cell cultures and with in vivo models. The response induced by the preconditioning stress has been shown to display a hormetic-like biphasic dose-response relationship ( Figure 42) (Fan et al, 2005;Tang et al, 2005;Jiang et al, 2005), even though most such studies do not explore broad dose-response relationships of either the preconditioning or subsequent dose.…”