“…These two irreconcilable positions mark the specific polarization of the modern doctrinal debate on the relationship between state and religion in Muslim regions, revolving basically around the function of sharia (Al-Ashmawy 1989, Arkoun 1991, Arkoun 2005, Bencheikh 2005, Benzine 2004, Charfi 1998, Férjani 1991, Filali-Ansary 1997, Ghalioun 1998, Lamchichi 1994, Ramadan 1998, Talbi 1998, Hanafi 1996, Abu Zayd 2002, Zakariya 1991. Since the identifying factor for all Muslims is not religious authority, but Qur'anic law, the debate on laïcité/secu larismalready ambiguous in Europe 1 (Rémond 1998 Poli 2007, Al-Masīrī 2009, Bozdémir 1996, Roy 2006, Tamimi and Esposito 2000.…”