Ischaemic stroke and combined oral contraceptives: results of an international, multicentre, case-control study

Poulter, Neil; Chang, Choon Lan; Farley, Tmm; Meirik, Olav; Marmot, Michael; Debert-Ribeiro, Myriam; Medina, E; J, Artigas; Shen, He; Zhong, Y; Zhang, De Wei; Zhao, Wei Jin; Rojas, Oscar Situ; Vessey, Martin; Heinemann, L.; Donnan, Stuart; Ho, Suzanne C.; Bártfai, G; Kisjanto, J.; Wilks, Rainford; Agwanda, R.; Ruiz, R; Kozuh-Novak, M; Dusitsin, Nikorn; Virutamasen, Pramuan; Phanthumcinda, Kammant; Koetsawang, Suporn; Piya-Anant, Manee; Demirovic, Jasenka; Belkić, Karen; Mwandila, W. S.; Mutale, C. M.; Matenga, J. A.; Wilson, Ash; Petitti, D B; Perlman, Jeffrey A.; Keleghan, J.; Lawley, Sarah; Smith, Sidney C.; Shipley, MJ; Olsen, Jørn; Thorogood, Margaret

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(95)12393-8

Cited by 303 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Oral contraceptives (OC) should be considered as a possible cause for thrombosis in the female patient [20]. OC are described in neurology as one of the ethological factors of ICA and CA thrombosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Arterial thrombosis in such cases is very rare in women below 35 years of age [21, 22]. The annual incidence of ischemic stroke in women in this age group is 1–3 cases/100 000 women [20]. The following risk factors are considered to increase the risk of developing thrombosis in subjects using OC: hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and smoking [20–25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The annual incidence of ischemic stroke in women in this age group is 1–3 cases/100 000 women [20]. The following risk factors are considered to increase the risk of developing thrombosis in subjects using OC: hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and smoking [20–25]. OC predispose more strongly to the development of venous, rather then arterial thrombosis, which results from the haemodynamic properties of blood flow in these two types of vessels [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Direct penetrating and indirect neck trauma as a cause of internal carotid artery thrombosis and secondary ischemic stroke

Karnecki

Jankowski

Kaliszan

2014

J Thromb Thrombolysis

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The following manuscript presents two cases of ischemic stroke secondary to traumatic internal carotid artery thrombosis with concomitant middle cerebral artery thrombosis occurring very rarely in the medico-legal practice. Penetrating neck trauma due to an occupational accident and multiple head and neck trauma secondary to battery were described. The autopsy and histopathological examination as well as the analysis of available medical records, including radiological examinations, and records of investigation indicated the sustained trauma to be the cause of the thrombosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Direct penetrating and indirect neck trauma as a cause of internal carotid artery thrombosis and secondary ischemic stroke

Karnecki

Jankowski

Kaliszan

2014

J Thromb Thrombolysis

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“…Smoking, alcohol use and oral contraceptive use were uncommon in this group of young Muslim women. Blood pressure before stroke was determined by the medical history and use of antihypertensives [9, 13]. The measured blood pressure after stroke correlated well with that history, but the measured levels were considered insufficiently reliable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for Stroke among Urbanised Indonesian Women of Reproductive Age: A Hospital-Based Case-Control Study

Kisjanto

Bonneux²,

Prihartono³

et al. 2005

Cerebrovasc Dis

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Background: Stroke is a major cause of death in South-East Asia, but few empirical data exist on its risks in Asian populations. Methods: 235 cases and 682 age-matched controls of women of reproductive age (20–44 years) were recruited in 14 hospitals in Jakarta, Indonesia, between 1989 and 1993. Medical history was collected by a structured interview. In subsamples, glucosuria, serum cholesterol level and body mass index (BMI) were assessed. Results: In these young and lean Muslim women, with few users of tobacco, alcohol or oral contraceptives, risk factors related to increased weight were strongly related to stroke occurrence. A history of hypertension or diabetes or increased serum cholesterol level showed odds ratios (ORs) of 13.9, 7.4 and 3.7, respectively. A BMI >27 (unadjusted for its potential consequences) caused an OR of 2.9. High social class and higher level of education (both OR 0.7) were associated with a lower risk of stroke, but levels of risk factors were higher in higher socio-economic classes. Conclusion: The expected transition in lifestyle, characterised by a higher intake of calories and less physical activity, will increase stroke risks in Indonesian women. Increasing wealth should go together with raising levels of health education on nutrition and physical activity.

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“…However, OCP use by women who are cigarette smokers is associated with a 7-fold increase in risk, and hypertensive women are likely to have an elevation in blood pressure in association with OCP therapy. OCP therapy increases the risk of stroke by 1.4- to 2.0-fold, with this risk more prominent among older women [12,13,14,15,16]. …”

Section: Nontraditional Risk Factors Unique To or Predominant Among Wmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transforming Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Women: Time for the Pygmalion Construct to End

Wenger¹

2014

Cardiology

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The transformation of cardiovascular disease prevention for women must address that a number of nontraditional atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk factors are unique to or predominant in women. As well, many traditional atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk factors impart differential risks for women and for men. Gender-specific risk assessment and management have the potential to improve atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease outcomes in women.

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Ischaemic stroke and combined oral contraceptives: results of an international, multicentre, case-control study

Cited by 303 publications

References 25 publications

Direct penetrating and indirect neck trauma as a cause of internal carotid artery thrombosis and secondary ischemic stroke

Direct penetrating and indirect neck trauma as a cause of internal carotid artery thrombosis and secondary ischemic stroke

Risk Factors for Stroke among Urbanised Indonesian Women of Reproductive Age: A Hospital-Based Case-Control Study

Transforming Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Women: Time for the Pygmalion Construct to End

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