Is Vegetable Annatto Butter Colour Cancrogenic?

Engelbreth‐Holm, J.; Iversen, Simon

doi:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1955.tb00973.x

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…In a 2‐year oral study conducted by Engelbreth‐Holm and Iversen (), body weights and lifetimes of treated mice were similar to those of the control group, there were no pathological differences between the groups at post mortem and, in particular, there was no evidence that the annatto extract administered (not further specified) was carcinogenic, although it was not specified whether this was concluded based on gross examination or detailed microscopy.…”

Section: Biological and Toxicological Datamentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Engelbreth‐Holm and Iversen () reported that body weights of animals treated with the annatto extract (not further specified) for 26 months were similar to those of the controls, that treated animals did not turn yellow, and that no toxic or carcinogenic effects occurred.…”

Section: Biological and Toxicological Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The applicant indicated that the fat‐soluble annatto preparation (E 160b) used in the studies of Engelbreth‐Holm and Iversen () and Van Esch et al. () was obtained by extraction of annatto seeds with chloroform (Iversen and Lam, ).…”

Section: Biological and Toxicological Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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The safety of annatto extracts (E 160b) as a food additive

2016

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission to EFSA, the EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) was asked to re-evaluate the safety of annatto extracts, bixinbased and norbixin-based, when used as a food additive and to evaluate the safety of aqueousprocessed bixin (Annatto E); solvent-extracted bixin (Annatto B); alkali-processed norbixin, acid-precipitated (Annatto F); alkali-processed norbixin, not acid-precipitated (Annatto G) and solventextracted norbixin (Annatto C) with the view to replace the currently authorised annatto extracts (E 160b). Given: (a) that read-across among the five bixin-and norbixin-based annatto extracts was feasible; (b) the availability of adequate 90-day toxicity studies with Annatto B, C, E and F; (c) the absence of concern for mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity of Annatto B, C, F and G, whereas the mutagenicity of Annatto E is equivocal, the Panel concluded that the safety of the currently authorised solvent-extracted bixin and norbixin (E 160b(i)), alkali-extracted annatto (E 160b(ii)) and oil-extracted annatto (E 160b(iii)), with the specifications defined in Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012, could not be assessed due to the lack of data, both in terms of identification and toxicological studies; solvent-extracted bixin (Annatto B), solvent-extracted norbixin (Annatto C), alkali-processed, acid-precipitated norbixin (Annatto F) and alkali-processed, not acid-precipitated norbixin (Annatto G and its norbixin salts) should comply with the specifications as recommended by the Panel. The toxicological database is sufficient to derive an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 6 mg bixin/kg body weight (bw) per day and an ADI of 0.3 mg norbixin/kg bw per day. Exposure estimates for bixin were below the ADI for all population groups and for all refined exposure scenarios, including for the extension of use. For norbixin, exceedance was observed for the extension of use at the 95th percentile for some population groups.

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Section: Biological and Toxicological Datamentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Biological and Toxicological Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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The safety of annatto extracts (E 160b) as a food additive

2016

EFS2

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“…This suggested that the substance responsible for this hypocholesterolemic effect could be found in the aqueous fraction of annatto. Earlier reports (Engelbreth-Holm and Iversen, 1955;Paumgartten et al, 2002) showed that annatto did not produce any toxic effect, hence it was decided to evaluate the effect of an aqueous extract of annatto seeds over liver and biochemical parameters of its function and also over renal function. At the end of the experiment, the animals fed with high-lipid diet had lower body weight (BW), adipose tissue weight (ATW) and the same liver weight (LW) than those fed with the control diet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been considered safe for human consumption. Indeed it has been reported that annatto is not carcinogenic (Engelbreth-Holm and Iversen, 1955), neither maternally toxic nor embryotoxic (Paumgartten et al, 2002). Shilpi et al (2006) showed no lethal effects within 24h after the administration of annatto extract, even at the highest dose tested (4,000 mg/kg) for mice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of an aqueous extract of annatto (Bixa orellana) seeds on lipid profile and biochemical markers of renal and hepatic function in hipercholesterolemic rats

Paula

Pedrosa

Júnior

et al. 2009

Braz. arch. biol. technol.

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The effect of annatto on insulin binding properties in the dog

2005

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Various plants are used in Caribbean folklore for the treatment of a variety of illnesses including diabetes mellitus. Preliminary investigations of several crude plant extracts have indicated that the annatto (Bixa orellana), among others, does in fact exhibit hypoglycaemic properties. This present investigation sought to isolate the hypoglycaemic principle(s) from the crude extract and to determine the mechanism of action. Purification experiments employing thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) resulted in an oil-soluble, partially purified annatto extract. The latter caused a decrease in blood glucose level of 5.62+/-0.13 (n=34) mmol/dL versus 6.31+/-0.12 (n=34) for the control (p<0.01) 1 h after administration. This hypoglycaemia persisted for an additional hour when the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed on dogs treated with annatto and compared with the control. Plasma insulin levels measured at 1.0 h showed that there was an increase in plasma insulin levels of 59.57+/-8.3 microIU/mL for the annatto treated dogs versus 40.95+/-5.46 microIU/mL for the control (p<0.05), this elevation persisted throughout the duration of the OGTT which followed. Insulin receptor studies, using a modification of the method of Gambhir et al. done on mononuclear leucocytes and erythrocytes obtained from blood taken 1 h after administration showed that there was an increase in the percentage receptor binding when compared with the control. Insulin affinity results showed that there was an increase of 1.8+/-0.2x10(8) m-1 (n=12) in mononuclear leucocytes for the annatto treated dogs versus 1.2+/-0.2x10(8) m-1 for the control (p<0.05). In the enythrocytes, there was also an increase in affinity from 1.2+/-0.2x10(8) m-1 to 2.3+/-0.2x10(8) m-1 for the control and treated animals, respectively. In conclusion, it can be stated that annatto is responsible for the hypoglycaemic episodes seen in the dogs which was mediated by an increase in plasma insulin concentration as well as an increase in insulin binding on the insulin receptor due to elevated affinity of the ligand for the receptor.

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Is Vegetable Annatto Butter Colour Cancrogenic?

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

The safety of annatto extracts (E 160b) as a food additive

The safety of annatto extracts (E 160b) as a food additive

Effect of an aqueous extract of annatto (Bixa orellana) seeds on lipid profile and biochemical markers of renal and hepatic function in hipercholesterolemic rats

The effect of annatto on insulin binding properties in the dog

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