Is the use of paper food contact materials treated with per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances safe for high-temperature applications? – Migration study in real food and food simulants

Lerch, Michaela; Nguyen, Khanh Hoang; Granby, Kit

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133375

Cited by 25 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…When discussing the presence of PFASs in FCMs, concentrations and their trends over time are of interest, as they inform about potential exposure and may help to understand the sources. In the studies included here, wide ranges of concentrations of PFASs have been reported. ,− Importantly, the experimental setups and analytical methods differed across the studies in FCCmigex. Therefore, it must be recognized that comparing concentrations among different studies is difficult, even for a single PFAS, as extraction methods, instrumentation, targeted analytes, and tested products may vary within and among laboratories and over time.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Food Packaging: Migration, Toxicity, and Management Strategies

Phelps,

Parkinson,

Boucher

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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PFASs are linked to serious health and environmental concerns. Among their widespread applications, PFASs are known to be used in food packaging and directly contribute to human exposure. However, information about PFASs in food packaging is scattered. Therefore, we systematically map the evidence on PFASs detected in migrates and extracts of food contact materials and provide an overview of available hazard and biomonitoring data. Based on the FCCmigex database, 68 PFASs have been identified in various food contact materials, including paper, plastic, and coated metal, by targeted and untargeted analyses. 87% of these PFASs belong to the perfluorocarboxylic acids and fluorotelomer-based compounds. Trends in chain length demonstrate that long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids continue to be found, despite years of global efforts to reduce the use of these substances. We utilized ToxPi to illustrate that hazard data are available for only 57% of the PFASs that have been detected in food packaging. For those PFASs for which toxicity testing has been performed, many adverse outcomes have been reported. The data and knowledge gaps presented here support international proposals to restrict PFASs as a group, including their use in food contact materials, to protect human and environmental health.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Food Packaging: Migration, Toxicity, and Management Strategies

Phelps,

Parkinson,

Boucher

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Electrochemical fluorination (ECF)-based neutral PFAS were measured in ambient air near landfills in prior studies, − but were less than LOD in the LFG samples in the present study (Table ). A larger-scale study is required to better understand if the lack of ECF-based PFAS is due to landfill age/cell closure, given that the production of ECF-based neutral PFAS ceased in the early 2000s ,,, and/or due to the proximity of landfill to ECF industries. , Sources of FTOHs may include degradation of FT-based fluoropolymers, ,,− side-chain fluorinated polymers, ,,− or from residual FTOHs in consumer products, ,,− as well as in side-chain fluorinated polymers; , meanwhile, FTAcs are known precursors to FTOHs. , To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of 12:2 FTO associated with landfills. The 12:2 FTO was previously measured in ambient air, not associated with landfills. − Five other target PFAS were detected at less than LOQ, but greater than LOD, including 6:2 FTI (Table ), which was previously measured in ambient air surrounding a landfill …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neutral Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in In Situ Landfill Gas by Thermal Desorption–Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

Titaley

Cruz

Barlaz

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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Landfills receive over half of the municipal solid waste generated in the U.S. Wastes in landfills include consumer products, some of which are known to contain of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Although the occurrence of nonvolatile (ionic) PFAS in landfill leachate is established and volatile (neutral) PFAS are found in ambient air near landfills, the neutral PFAS composition of landfill gas (LFG) collected in situ from landfills is unknown. A thermal desorption−gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) sampling and analysis approach was optimized for the quantification of 25 target neutral PFAS, including fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) and five other PFAS classes, in landfill from a gas well or header pipe. Optimized LFG sampling parameters included the use of an explosion-proof pump, a 100 mL/min flow rate through a sorbent tube, and a LFG volume of 350 mL. The method was applied to LFG samples collected from southeastern U.S. landfills for method demonstration. Fluorotelomer alcohols were found at the highest levels, ranging from 830,000−4,900,000 pg/m 3 , which is approximately 2 orders of magnitude greater than FTOH levels reported in ambient air collected near landfills.

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“…Though some regulations suggest isooctane and 95% EtOH, isooctane is a nonpolar solvent which is suitable for inducing the migration of silicone oligomers, and 95% EtOH has higher solubility for long-chain PFAS with lipophilic property, which can accelerate the migration of these compounds. Based on similar food simulant experiments, , 50% EtOH was adopted as the food simulant in this work (this is also to minimize consumption of organic solvents whenever possible).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Based on other similar studies and the Commission Regulation (EU) 10/2011 on plastic materials and articles that come into contact with food, 50% EtOH was used as the simulant in this work for dairy products, so as to study PFAS migration. , Considering that the preparation and drinking of bubble tea are often at an ambient temperature or as a hot or cold drink, 25 and 60 °C were investigated in the experiments, which are the normal preparation temperatures (personal communication with bubble tea shops). The selection of the contact time is based on the common time for the bubble tea to remain in the cup.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Ice Cream, Instant Noodles, and Bubble Tea

Huang

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2022

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Food consumption is a significant exposure route to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). The concentrations of 27 PFAS in fast food were determined by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography−high resolution mass spectrometry. In ice cream, instant noodles, and bubble tea, some PFAS were detected, among which perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluoro-n-butanoic acid, and 6:2 polyfluoroalkyl phosphate monoester showed relatively high concentrations. PFAS migrating from bubble tea cups to the food simulant of 50% ethanol aqueous solution showed a difference compared with those migrating into bubble tea matrices. The migration of 27 PFAS to bubble tea samples indicated that long storage time increased PFAS levels (up to 4.8 times) and so did high storage temperature (up to 7.3 times). The hazard ratio, defined as the ratio of the estimated daily intake and the reference dose, was calculated, and it suggests that the total PFAS exposure risk due to consumption of bubble tea should be of concern.

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Is the use of paper food contact materials treated with per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances safe for high-temperature applications? – Migration study in real food and food simulants

Cited by 25 publications

References 22 publications

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Food Packaging: Migration, Toxicity, and Management Strategies

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Food Packaging: Migration, Toxicity, and Management Strategies

Neutral Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in In Situ Landfill Gas by Thermal Desorption–Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

Occurrence of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Ice Cream, Instant Noodles, and Bubble Tea

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