Is the parallel walk between competing male fallow deer, Dama dama, a lateral display of individual quality?

Jennings, Dómhnall J.; Gammell, Martin P.; Carlin, Caitrı́ona M.; Hayden, Thomas J.

doi:10.1006/anbe.2003.2124

Cited by 34 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The greatest difference between the red and fallow deer appeared in the frequency of consequent use of vocalization and parallel walk (34% in red deer, 45% in fallow deer). Unlike red deer , we found that fallow deer would interrupt a fight and switch into another parallel walk [Jennings et al, 2003;Mattiangeli et al, 1998;McElligott et al, 1998]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Consequently, any assessment of criteria that do not vary with changes in body condition during the rut can result in incorrect conclusions . That is possibly why Jennings et al [2002Jennings et al [ , 2003 did not find any relationship between the presentation of the antlers or body profile and fighting success. Instead, lateral presentation of the palmate antlers and/or body during the parallel walk seems to be an expression of avoiding a faceto-face look, or ''hard'' or ''direct look'', ''stare' ', etc.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Outlasting of the hierarchy from the pre-rut up to the rut and the tendency of adult fallow deer males to solve conflicts without antler contact contribute to a lower frequency of fights and decreased risk of serious injury [McElligott et al, 1998]. Vocalization (groaning), parallel walk and physical combat during the breeding season have been described by several authors [Apollonio et al, 1989;Festa-Bianchet et al, 1990;Jennings et al, 2002Jennings et al, , 2003Jennings et al, , 2004Jennings et al, , 2005Mattiangeli et al, 1998Mattiangeli et al, , 1999McElligott et al, 1998Reby et al, 1998]. These authors have examined various aspects of rutting combats, such as vocalization rates , fighting tactics and techniques and factors affecting the duration of fights [Jennings et al, 2004;Mattiangeli et al, 1998Mattiangeli et al, , 1999McElligott et al, 1998].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These authors have examined various aspects of rutting combats, such as vocalization rates , fighting tactics and techniques and factors affecting the duration of fights [Jennings et al, 2004;Mattiangeli et al, 1998Mattiangeli et al, , 1999McElligott et al, 1998]. Authors have also demonstrated that the lateral presentation of the palmate antlers during a fight does not necessarily signify dominance [Jennings et al, 2002] and that the parallel walk between competing male fallow deer does not indicate a lateral display of individual quality [Jennings et al, 2003]. In this study we focused on a simple process of assessment of the opponent's fighting ability and the escalation of the combat, as described originally for red deer , estimating the probability of fighting based on the encounter components.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimation of the probability of fighting in fallow deer (Dama dama) during the rut

Bartoš

Fričová

Bartošová-Víchová

et al. 2006

Aggressive Behavior

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Fighting between males is a frequent component of the rutting behavior of Cervidae. Frequent conflicts are exhausting; fighting may be risky and can lead to serious injuries or even death. We focused on the process of assessment of the opponent's fighting ability and escalation of the combat, estimating the probability of fighting based on the encounter components such as groaning and parallel walk. In this study, we observed the agonistic behavior of fallow deer bucks (Dama dama) during the rut over four seasons. During this time, we recorded 205 encounters between bucks. Non-contact display, which allows contestants to assess their opponents fighting ability, occurred in 83% of the encounters. The highest predicted probability of a fight was found when both of the males vocalized and turned into the parallel walk. The chance of a clear outcome decreased when the males were fighting in comparison to when they did not fight. The initiator of the competitive encounter won 41% of the cases, while the attacked buck won 23% of the encounters. If the contestants avoided fighting, however, the initiator won 78% of encounters. Therefore, the initiator was more successful when no fight occurred compared to when the encounters escalated into fighting. In most cases where ritualized behavior occurred, one of the opponents left after vocalization or parallel walk occurred. Thus, vocalization and parallel walk increased the probability for a clear outcome. The probability of a fight was lowest in situations where the males displayed asymmetric behavior. Increased symmetry of the contestants' behavior was strongly correlated with a higher probability of a fight. Thus, these results indicate that fallow deer bucks use efficient tactic during the rut, which, in turn, minimizes the chance of injury while fighting during the breeding season. Aggr. Behav. 33:7-13, 2007. r

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Estimation of the probability of fighting in fallow deer (Dama dama) during the rut

Bartoš

Fričová

Bartošová-Víchová

et al. 2006

Aggressive Behavior

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“…2004). It has been established that winners and losers differ in the frequency with which they initiate lateral display during contests leading Jennings et al. (2002, 2003) to conclude that lateral display does not facilitate an assessment of opponent quality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Investigation of Assessment Games During Fallow Deer Fights

et al. 2005

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An improved understanding of the decision rules used by competing animals can be achieved by examining both the temporal structure and display rate of competitors during a contest. Current models of animal competition make different predictions regarding the behaviour of competing animals and the present study evaluates the predictions of three such models, the energetic war of attrition (eWOA), the sequential assessment game (SAG) and the cumulative assessment model (CAM) by applying them to the fighting behaviour of male fallow deer (Dama dama L.). There was no difference in rate at which the jump clash and backward push were recorded over fight duration; therefore, in terms of the temporal distribution of behavioural acts within fights, the jump clash and backward push conformed to the predictions of the SAG. There was a difference between winners and losers of fights for the frequency that the jump clash and backward push were recorded consistent with both the SAG and CAM. Analysis of bout duration showed that there was a decrease in the duration of subsequent bouts of fighting; this is only permitted under eWOA. In so far as current assessment models permit interpretation of the data, our results meet only a limited number of predictions of any one model. Given the difficulty in interpreting our data within the context of current assessment models, recommendations for the development of more complex models are presented.

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Effect of body weight, antler length, resource value and experience on fight duration and intensity in fallow deer

et al. 2004

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Is the parallel walk between competing male fallow deer, Dama dama, a lateral display of individual quality?

Cited by 34 publications

References 40 publications

Estimation of the probability of fighting in fallow deer (Dama dama) during the rut

Estimation of the probability of fighting in fallow deer (Dama dama) during the rut

An Investigation of Assessment Games During Fallow Deer Fights

Effect of body weight, antler length, resource value and experience on fight duration and intensity in fallow deer

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