Effect of body weight, antler length, resource value and experience on fight duration and intensity in fallow deer

Jennings, Dómhnall J.; Gammell, Martin P.; Carlin, Caitrı́ona M.; Hayden, Thomas J.

doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.11.005

Cited by 90 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…These bucks also have no guarantee that the fight will solve the situation and that the struggle will end in victory by one contestant. A high proportion of fights without an obvious winner rejected our expectation that fights would mostly be terminated by the victory of one male [e.g., Jennings et al, 2004]. On the contrary, we found that for most encounters with a clear outcome, the encounter ended without the fight rather than escalating into a fight.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 83%

“…Vocalization (groaning), parallel walk and physical combat during the breeding season have been described by several authors [Apollonio et al, 1989;Festa-Bianchet et al, 1990;Jennings et al, 2002Jennings et al, , 2003Jennings et al, , 2004Jennings et al, , 2005Mattiangeli et al, 1998Mattiangeli et al, , 1999McElligott et al, 1998Reby et al, 1998]. These authors have examined various aspects of rutting combats, such as vocalization rates , fighting tactics and techniques and factors affecting the duration of fights [Jennings et al, 2004;Mattiangeli et al, 1998Mattiangeli et al, , 1999McElligott et al, 1998]. Authors have also demonstrated that the lateral presentation of the palmate antlers during a fight does not necessarily signify dominance [Jennings et al, 2002] and that the parallel walk between competing male fallow deer does not indicate a lateral display of individual quality [Jennings et al, 2003].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Outlasting of the hierarchy from the pre-rut up to the rut and the tendency of adult fallow deer males to solve conflicts without antler contact contribute to a lower frequency of fights and decreased risk of serious injury [McElligott et al, 1998]. Vocalization (groaning), parallel walk and physical combat during the breeding season have been described by several authors [Apollonio et al, 1989;Festa-Bianchet et al, 1990;Jennings et al, 2002Jennings et al, , 2003Jennings et al, , 2004Jennings et al, , 2005Mattiangeli et al, 1998Mattiangeli et al, , 1999McElligott et al, 1998Reby et al, 1998]. These authors have examined various aspects of rutting combats, such as vocalization rates , fighting tactics and techniques and factors affecting the duration of fights [Jennings et al, 2004;Mattiangeli et al, 1998Mattiangeli et al, , 1999McElligott et al, 1998].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimation of the probability of fighting in fallow deer (Dama dama) during the rut

Bartoš

Fričová

Bartošová-Víchová

et al. 2006

Aggressive Behavior

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Fighting between males is a frequent component of the rutting behavior of Cervidae. Frequent conflicts are exhausting; fighting may be risky and can lead to serious injuries or even death. We focused on the process of assessment of the opponent's fighting ability and escalation of the combat, estimating the probability of fighting based on the encounter components such as groaning and parallel walk. In this study, we observed the agonistic behavior of fallow deer bucks (Dama dama) during the rut over four seasons. During this time, we recorded 205 encounters between bucks. Non-contact display, which allows contestants to assess their opponents fighting ability, occurred in 83% of the encounters. The highest predicted probability of a fight was found when both of the males vocalized and turned into the parallel walk. The chance of a clear outcome decreased when the males were fighting in comparison to when they did not fight. The initiator of the competitive encounter won 41% of the cases, while the attacked buck won 23% of the encounters. If the contestants avoided fighting, however, the initiator won 78% of encounters. Therefore, the initiator was more successful when no fight occurred compared to when the encounters escalated into fighting. In most cases where ritualized behavior occurred, one of the opponents left after vocalization or parallel walk occurred. Thus, vocalization and parallel walk increased the probability for a clear outcome. The probability of a fight was lowest in situations where the males displayed asymmetric behavior. Increased symmetry of the contestants' behavior was strongly correlated with a higher probability of a fight. Thus, these results indicate that fallow deer bucks use efficient tactic during the rut, which, in turn, minimizes the chance of injury while fighting during the breeding season. Aggr. Behav. 33:7-13, 2007. r

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimation of the probability of fighting in fallow deer (Dama dama) during the rut

Bartoš

Fričová

Bartošová-Víchová

et al. 2006

Aggressive Behavior

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“…Evolutionary game theory suggests that both the form and outcome of animal contest can be influenced not only by the relative fighting power of contestants, which is often indexed by the relative body size [8,9], but also by the fighting motivation [10][11][12] and strategy [13,14]. By contrast to ritualized display, real fighting to each contestant generally means paying a greater price in the contest and enduring a higher risk of being injured [15,16], even for the winner.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fighting Performance of Female Chinese Wolf Spiders in Cannibalistic Contests in Relation to the Battlefield Size

Xian¹,

Gao²,

Liu³

et al. 2017

Entomol Ornithol Herpetol

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Game theory models suggest that both the forms (ritualized display and real fighting) and outcome of animal contest can be influenced by the relative body size, fighting experience, and hunger level of contestants. However, whether a factor determining the outcome of a contest exhibits similar effects in different forms of the contest has not been highlighted. In a cavity-nesting predator, the Chinese wolf spider Lycosa sinensis (Araneae: Lycosidae) that frequently carries out cannibalism on the Tibetan Plateau, we addressed this question in female cannibalistic contests by designing three series of experiments (the first between large and small opponents, the second between experienced and inexperienced opponents, and the last between satiated and hungry opponents). By repeatedly performing these experiments in large and small artificial battlefields, we revealed that battlefield size determined whether these three factors came into play in the cannibalism of spiders. In asymmetric contest, big spiders always defeated their opponents in real fights. But the battlefield size determined whether a contest can be escalated into real fights. Experienced or satiated spiders can successfully escalate the contest into real fights by enhanced aggressiveness; however, they were unlikely to defeat their inexperienced or hungry opponents in a real fighting. This battlefield size effect may be a reason for Chinese wolf spiders to excavate a cave with themselves proportionally accommodated. Therefore, this effect of battlefield size needs to be considered in future studies of animal contests, especially for the spiders that cannibalism frequently occurs in natural environments.

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“…The higher the value of the resource at stake, the more risks the contestant will take to gain possession of it. Indeed, resources that yield adaptive advantages to the owner evoke escalated combats in several species (e.g., in hummingbirds; Dearborn 1998, in honey bees; Gilley 2001, but not in the fallow deer (Jennings et al 2004)), compared with resources that slightly influence fitness (e.g., patches of sunlight in Pararge aegeria, Davies 1978). Often, a high aggressiveness might help individuals overcome inferior RHP (e.g., Sigurjónsdóttir and Parker 1981;Austad 1983;Barnard and Brown 1984;Ewald 1985;Verrell 1986;Yokel 1989;Haley 1994;Neat et al 1998;Kotiaho et al 1999;Gherardi 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The past ownership of a resource affects the agonistic behavior of hermit crabs

Tricarico

Gherardi

2007

Behav Ecol Sociobiol

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Resource value is often considered the most important nonstrategic variable in the fighting behavior of invertebrates. In our study, we tested whether the experience of shells of a given quality, occupied in the recent past, might affect the agonistic behavior of the hermit crab Pagurus longicarpus. We analyzed the fights battled by 84 test crabs against size-matched unknown rivals before (premanipulation phase) and after (postmanipulation phase) having modified the quality of the domicile shell of the contestants. Specifically, we compared the behavior of crabs that had been subject to either a worsening or an improvement in the quality of their shell with crabs that, although being similarly subject to a shell manipulation, occupied a shell of the same quality as in the premanipulation phase. We found that the crabs subject to a worsening in the quality of their shell were more aggressive than those subject to its improvement and that the former were even more aggressive than those that occupied a bad quality shell also in the premanipulation phase. Crabs seemed not to gather information about the opponent's shell during fights or not to use this information, most often behaving in accordance with the quality of the domicile shell. These results are clear in showing the role played by the experience of a previously occupied shell, also confirming that the agonistic behavior of P. longicarpus is mainly based on decision rules of the type "own resource value dependency."

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Effect of body weight, antler length, resource value and experience on fight duration and intensity in fallow deer

Cited by 90 publications

References 65 publications

Estimation of the probability of fighting in fallow deer (Dama dama) during the rut

Estimation of the probability of fighting in fallow deer (Dama dama) during the rut

Fighting Performance of Female Chinese Wolf Spiders in Cannibalistic Contests in Relation to the Battlefield Size

The past ownership of a resource affects the agonistic behavior of hermit crabs

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